Human Rights and Students Essay - 2499 Words

HEC101V Assignment 2 Unique Number: 888837 Student Number: 49844377 Section 1 Primary Newsletter Dear Parents, This letter will give you more insight to the policy regarding HIV/AIDS in a school settlement. NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV AND AIDS FOR LEARNERS AND EDUCATORS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS AND EDUCATORS IN FURTHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTIONS (10 AUGUST 1999 VOLUME 410 NUMBER 20372) 1. BACKGROUND HIV and AIDS is one of major challenges to all South Africans. It is estimated that almost 25% of the general population will be HIV positive by the year 2010. In South Africa HIV is spread mainly through: †¢ Sexual contact †¢ Breast feeding †¢ Mother to child In keeping with International standards and in†¦show more content†¦5.7 IQMS 5.7.1 Whole school evaluation, school development plans (vision, mission) and school improvement plans must also include HIV and AIDS planned strategy to cope with the pandemic. †¢ SASA o Learners of compulsory school – going age with HIV/AID may be granted exemption form attendance in terms of Section 4(1) o If and when learners become incapacitated schools and institutions should make work available to them for study at home and should provide support where possible.5.9 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. 5.9.1 To prevent discrimination, all learners, students and educators should be educated about fundamental human rights. 6. WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAPS BETWEEN POLICY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS? Insufficient training for educators with regard to HIV and AIDS Insufficient resources available at institutions Insufficient funding to purchase the necessary resources needed to address the issues of HIV and AIDS at institutions Inadequate co-ordination of inter and intra-departmental initiatives concerning HIV and AIDS Policy should be updated at regular intervals to accommodate the progress made in the prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS. In all instances, this policy should be interpreted to ensure respect for the rights of learners, students and educators with HIV/AIDS, as well as other learners, students, educators and members of the school and institution communities. I hope this letterShow MoreRelatedThe As A Student Of Human Rights982 Words   |  4 Pageswould be to drop the notion that we are free agents. As a student of Human Rights, I have often experienced significant cognitive dissonance surrounding the deified rhetoric of individual autonomy that rests on a pedestal in our neoliberal culture, in contrast to my personal beliefs in communitarianism wherein the health of the collective is more important than a single component. One theme that emerged in our course discussion was that humans are in desperate need of community, but our social structureRead MoreTransgender Rights Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesTransgender students and adults are often treated differently, only because they were born one gender, but felt like they were not meant to be, so they decide to be trans. Transgender students, adults, or anyone that is trans should have all rights that a non-trans person will have. Everyone deserves equal rights, whether they are trans or not. If non-trans people are protected at schools so should trans students. When it comes to washroom use they should be allowed in the one they want to go inRead MoreOverlapping Priorities And Goals Of Hre, Gce And Sje980 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizations intertwine ‘old and ‘new’ education programs and creating this overlap in priorities. Having this in mind, recall that under the UDHR, HRE was meant to make students aware of their international rights, and how to claim them. Thus, initially, in the 1950s HRE was a way to dissipate knowledge about human rights, however, over time, this view evolved. During the 1990s there was an increase of intra-state war due to inter-ethnic and sectarian conflicts, hence the U.N. expanded the goalsRead MoreEthics And Diversity : The Case Study Analysis, Resolutions And Personal Bias1589 Words   |  7 Pagescase study is about students that we have in the school with many doubts and concerns because do not understand the language. In some cases the teachers do not want to work with these students because is difficult, and at the same time the student feels discriminated against. According to Rayner (2009), educational diversity is a group of individual differences, to include a set of social and personal factors, which form a key aspect in any and each educational setting. Each student should have equalRead MoreLab Report : Scientific Investigation737 Words   |  3 PagesSeptember 2015 Scientific Investigation Introduction: The overall purpose of the lab is to have the students practice designing an experiment, gathering data, and then analyzing that data to form a conclusion using the scientific method. It also served to understand key terms such as hypothesis, dependent variable, and independent variable. The specific objective of this lab is to determine whether certain human body parts experience allometric or isometric growth. Allometric growth defines when certainRead MorePhilosophical Theory: The Intricate Ethics930 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries, philosophers have debated the human condition what is good, what is evil, what makes the individual moral, and how are ethics balanced with virtue as a means for the actualization of the individual. Virtue, for many, becomes the theory of the way individuals should follow morality to become, eventually, the best person we can be. Part of being an enlightened human, for instance, is knowing the difference from right and wrong, of making that distinc t individualized decision; we haveRead MoreHuman Rights and International Cooperation Development1507 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SYLLABUS Professor: Lucà ­a Ferreiro Prado. Phd on International Relations Email: lucia.ferreiro@uem.es Course Description Human Rights and International Cooperation Development is a basic survey that will introduce you to a wide array of areas in the field of cooperation for development and, to a lesser extent, Human Rights. The first part of the course is comprised of three sections devoted to International Cooperation for Development andRead MoreHuman Rights and International Cooperation Development1520 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SYLLABUS Professor: Lucà ­a Ferreiro Prado. Phd on International Relations Email: lucia.ferreiro@uem.es Course Description Human Rights and International Cooperation Development is a basic survey that will introduce you to a wide array of areas in the field of cooperation for development and, to a lesser extent, Human Rights. The first part of the course is comprised of three sections devoted to International Cooperation for DevelopmentRead MoreHolocaust : Harmful Or Helpful?1733 Words   |  7 PagesHolocaust Content; Harmful or Helpful? The Holocaust is a topic that some think of as a very essential part of history that students should learn about. On the other hand, some would argue that it is too severe for middle school students. Without a doubt, Nazis abused their large power and used it towards destruction and in so, violated civil rights and killed 6 million Jews. The Holocaust was a turning point in history that is only taught based on the judgement of schools. The Holocaust MuseumRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Important Part Of History1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust is a topic that some think of as a very essential part of history that students should learn about. On the other hand, some would argue that it is too severe for middle school students. Without a doubt, Nazis abused their large power and used it towards destruction and in so, violated civil rights and killed 6 million Jews. The Holocaust was a turning point in history that is only taught based on the judgement of schools. The Holocaust Muse um in Houston says, â€Å"During the Holocaust religious

Multiculturalism in America A Modern Day Interpretation

Multiculturalism in America: A Modern Day Interpretation In America, people are born and raised to believe that this country was founded on human rights such as life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. In reality these rights were not always accessible for minorities in United States. Minorities in America have had to overcome obstacles including being treated as second class citizens. Multiculturalism has existed alongside the history of America ever since the setters migrated to the new world. People have always migrated to this country for thousands of years moving into different habitats and spreading their influences over one another the mixing of different cultures has resulted in many different outcomes depending on their situation. Multiculturalism, once a radical idea in America, has risen through time to promote peace and equal coexistence for Americans. In order for a society to be great, it needs to promote and encourage the fair treatment of everyone equally. All of this can be accomplished with the once radical idea of multiculturalism is a belief that encourages the settlement of communities that contain different aspects of cultural behaviors and thinking. Throughout the history of the United States, the concept of different cultures interacting with each other has affected what has become modern America. In America, the flow of continuous mass immigration has greatly contributed to the economy, political atmosphere, and the demographics of the country.Show MoreRelatedMulticultural Conflict Can Have A Positive Or Negative Effect On Interpersonal Relations1610 Words   |  7 Pagescan also include nationalities, ethnicities, religions, sexual orientation, and gender. It is through being indifferent that often people with various multicultural differences may begin to experience conflict, as many people continue about their day -to-day activities without regard to the multicultural diversities around them. Intolerance, of course, leads to acts of hate being committed against those who may be seen as â€Å"different† or â€Å"dissident† towards another’s way of life. There have been manyRead MoreThe Power Of A Society s Justice System1581 Words   |  7 Pagesmolds their social context, dictating the terms of routine conduct: the acceptable and the punishable. However, the power of a society’s justice system goes beyond codified law into the ideological and social. The supreme law of the United States of America may be codified within its Constitution, but its strength derives from the process of internalizing and reflecting its values. Values embedded within the Constitution, like freedom and equality, are perpetuated through institutions which then surpassRead More The Success of Judaism Essay2122 Words   |  9 Pagesin response to the pressures of modernity. Judaism has endured the challenges imposed upon it, by its ability to preserve deep-rooted traditions of the past. It is through maintaining customs from preceding times that defines the foundations of modern day Jewish practice, be it through observance, prayer or habit. In combination to this, its capacity to be versatile and incorporate outside influence has served to maintain its popularity as a major world faith. In order to continue its future religiousRead MoreAnti Black Racism And The Black Experience2147 Words   |  9 Pagesnature of Anti-Black Racism in our institutions, and collective psyche. The roots and manifestations of Anti-Black racism can be traced far back in western history and cultural practice. Needless to say its continuing impact and repercussions in our modern day public, private, Judaeo-Christian and social institutions and practices, while perhaps, not always understood or openly acknowledged, is undeniable and profound. Policing and police oversight institutions and practices are not excluded from thisRead More Dynamics of Change in International Relations Essay1878 Words   |  8 Pagesvarious constant waves of migration throughout history2. I will look at how past and modern flows compare and their effects on global society. There are two main issues around migration: firstly how states can control and regulate migration levels. States are after all sovereign and reserve the right to be able to choose who to allow in and out of its boundaries. The second issue that has come about in the modern era is how to deal with the minority communities that migrants form within host statesRead MoreAustralia and Oceania.2798 Words   |  12 Pageseconomic supremacy and political hegemony (North America) or others for profound and radical transformations in the recent years (Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union). Due to the macro-scale of analysis, the most important criterion is general functionally; the uniqueness and homogeneity come second. The typology of main regions of the world is based on a macro-economic indicator, GDP per capita, that sets apart eight regions: North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Western Europe, Eastern EuropeRead MorePsychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud2808 Words   |  11 Pagesand how this impacts on the psychoanalysis approach. However, before that can be done, one will need to provide the reader with insight on what psychoanalysis is. The psychoanalysis approach deals with improving disorders that interfere with the day to day function of an individual. Therapists who make use of this approach focus mainly on the individual’s developmental history (Ivey, 1997) and the unconscious of the client in order to reach a point at which the client is able to function effectivelyRead MoreWorld Religion5936 Words   |  24 Pagessome of the ways indigenous religions have expressed themselves artistically? 4. Explain the â€Å"ethic of restraint† regarding nature that is frequently found in native religions. Group B 1. Describe some of the factors that have contributed to the modern study of indigenous religions? 2. Why are human relationships with nature crucial for tribal and small-scale cultures? 3. Explain key features of the animistic worldview. 4. What is sacred space and what is its relationship to the center? GroupRead MoreLee Daniels The Butler3535 Words   |  15 Pagesspecial concentration on the civil rights era. With the White House segments of the film starting in the oppressive Eisenhower years, it offers a presidential level insight into the historic freedom movements of the 1960’s, all the way through until the day that Barack Obama is elected president in 2008. I am going to argue that Daniels’ representation of history and race are much more than a ‘parody of historical drama’, as he defies the ‘conventional’ stereotypes of Hollywood (Martin 2013) through theRead MoreInfluence Of Western Customs Of Wedding Essay9329 Words   |  38 Pagesextravagant expenses and, again, the Qur an informs us that one who spends without due care is the brother of Shaytan (Qur anic Ayah: Al Israa 26, 27). b) Dressing, Expenditure and Marriage Festivals based on Sunna Extravagance expenditure shown at modern weddings within our community is far from the spirit of the first community and emphasises how remote we are from the Sunnah of the Prophet (Buhari). For instance, the matters of fathers giving the bride gifts of money or property, or paying for an

Tram Accident and Driver Vision Enhancement Free Essays

As a university student, you will need to continue your education by reading informative texts often and carefully. To practice this skill your homework assignment is to choose an article from a reputable source and read it. Your research reports should be completed on topics or themes related to your research topic somehow. We will write a custom essay sample on Tram Accident and Driver Vision Enhancement or any similar topic only for you Order Now You will need to print or make a copy of your article and attach it to this report. After reading an article of your choice from either: Newsweek Magazine, Time Magazine, Reader’s Digest, or National Geographic Magazine answer the questions low. Do not write the title as an answer to any of the questions below other than number 1. Do not copy from the article. All answers should be in your own words. Proofread your writing for grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes. 1. Title: a printed copy also): 2. Author: 3. Source (Include 4. Date Published: 5. Why did the author write this article? Use a complete sentence. Points) Brian Dads wrote this article to explain the new technologies that help to reduce car crashes. Also, he represents the number of death, injured or disabled around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1. Million people worldwide die every year as a result of car crashes. This figure represents an average of 3242 people dying every day around the world. In addition to these deaths, between 20 million and 50 million people globally are estimated to be injured or disabled every year. Use correct punctuation (Points). Explain in two or three sentences what it meant to you and why you like/dislike this quote (Points). Use the space provided. The article titled † New Technologies to Reduce Road Accidents † reported that technology will significantly reduce the number of people killed in car accidents, currently more than 1. 2 million people per year worldwide.. The author wrote, † If drivers won’t act to reduce road deaths, maybe technology will do the Job â€Å"(Dads 2010 ). This quote is useful because it has shown that 150 points possible How to cite Tram Accident and Driver Vision Enhancement, Papers

Are people fundamentally good or bad in general free essay sample

How Good Are PeopleThe short story written by David Foster Wallace is about a boy named, Lane Dean Jr. The scene starts near a lake, â€Å"They were up on a picnic table at that park by the lake, by the edge of the lake, with part of a downed tree in the shallows half hidden by the bank† (Wallace 157). The purpose of mentioning downed tree sets the mood, which is sad and dark. We also learn that the main characters, Lane and his girlfriend, Sheri Fisher, are sitting still on the picnic table. This tells us that the setting is intense and sets the mood. It does not say for how long they sit by the lake, but it can be assumed that they sit there for a while because it says, â€Å"They’d sat here long enough that only their right side was shaded now† (Wallace 158). The story is about Lane and Sheri having to make a very important decision, abortion. We will write a custom essay sample on Are people fundamentally good or bad in general? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They fight about a disagree about the decision throughout the story.As the story is mainly about Lane and his thought and feelings, it is obviously more in his point of view. He his religious but would go against his beliefs to have the abortion. The story tells us he’s in Jr college, he’s self-absorbed, hypocritical, he’s 19, and the relationship with Sheri is new. Wallace does give us background on Sheri. She is 20, she smells good, wants to be a nurse, smarter than Lane, down to earth, a hostess, and obviously pregnant.The story is written in a third person point of view. Throughout the story, Wallace describes how Lane feels and his thoughts on what he wants Sheri to do. Lane wants to have the abortion, but Sheri does not. Lane does not want to be stuck with Sheri per the baby, â€Å"But neither did he open up and tell her straight out he did not love her† (Wallace 160). Lane knew if he told her he didn’t love her then she would have an abortion, â€Å"†¦ were he to look right at her and tell her he didn’t, she would keep the appointment and go† (Wallace 160). Knowing this, Lane as a young character, was weak, â€Å"†¦ some terrible weakness or lack of values, could not tell her† (Wallace 160). Lane was understanding about Sheri’s view as he said: â€Å"The appointment could be moved back; if she just said the word they could call and push it back to take more time to be sure in the decision† (Wallace 159).

Rethinking Leadership In The Learning Organization Essays

Rethinking Leadership In The Learning Organization A proclamation by a CEO that we are going to become a learning organization will likely be met with collective eye rolling and wonderings of, What workshop did he attend last week? Indeed, many employees are so accustomed to these management initiatives-of-the-month that seeing any results from such a managerial decree is extremely unlikely. Another of the main barriers to creating a learning organization, Senge says, is the difference between compliance and commitment. The employees are loath to accept change that starts at the top of the managerial hierarchy. A value is a value only if voluntarily chosen. We cannot force others to learn. Since it is really the individuals that comprise a learning organization, there is no substitute for a personal desire to learn. Decisions made by managers can also have the effect of paradoxically moving an organization backwards. Downsizing can lead to increased competitiveness, which is a hindrance to productivity. Competitiveness can also undermine collaborative efforts and thereby affect a companys economic prosperity. Senge defines three leadership types that he says are essential to building a learning organization: 1. Local line leaders. These are leaders who undertake meaningful experiments to test whether new learning capabilities actually lead to improved business results. 2. Executive leaders. They provide support for line leaders, develop learning infrastructures, and lead by example in the gradual process of evolving the norms and behaviors of a learning culture. 3. Internal networkers. These are individuals who can move freely about the organization to find those who are predisposed to bringing about change, to help out in organizational experiments, and to aid in the diffusion of new learning. None of the issues prevalent in businesses today will be resolved by a hierarchical management system. To bring about change, we must explore new ideas in leadership based on new leadership principles. Senges five disciplines have interested me since the start of this course. Their applications in our educational system could be profound. The largest barrier that todays schools, adult or otherwise, face is the tacit acceptance that what is now cannot be changed. It is this mental model that we must break down before real change can be affected. By recognizing the needs of adults in a learning environment, many, if not all, of the principles of the learning organization can be applied to the hierarchical organization of the administration in our schools. The barriers discussed in this article are no different from the barriers faced by school administrators. People who are not committed to change will not buy into any new idea. Change cannot be mandated. It must come from within the organization. Education

War Crimes essays

War Crimes essays A war crime is any of various crimes, such as genocide or the mistreatment of prisoners of war, committed during a war and considered in violation of the conventions of warfare. War crimes are constantly being committed during war and something has to be done. There have been too many instances where these sorts of criminals have gotten away. Victims of war have gotten little or no justice at all, we have to come up with a solution so that there will be a way to punish these hanas crimes. To commit a war crime you have to break one of the two main principles, which are: "The principle of necessity and the principle of humanity." What the first principle means is that you can kill the enemy only when it is completely necessary. The second principle states that you should cause no unnecessary suffering to your enemy. These two principles are the two fundamental principles and have become highly detailed. The most important laws that have come out of the two main principles are that prisoners of war have rights and should never be executed or wounded after they have surrendered. That you are not allowed to take hostages, and that you can't starve non-combatants. People who are sick, wounded should be cared for. Innocent civilians property should be spared, and civilians should have nothing stolen from them. You must treat all noncombatants humanely and equally. These laws seem to be just and should be easily followed, but during times of war these laws are rarely followed. In times of war military soldiers do things that are sickening; they kill innocent people, rape women, torture people because they are of a different race or religion. These crimes are inhumane and something has to be done to make sure these crimes stop. After World War 2 you would have thought that genocide or ethnic cleansing wouldn't be happening, but it still is. The war in Kosovo has resembled the same things that the Nazi's did during WW2. ...

Planning Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning Proposal - Research Paper Example UMUC University is the learning facility for non-traditional students (including militants, federal government members and working adults). As the facility is the employer for about 2 thousand people in USA, the loss of revenue caused by decline in enrolments has a negative impact on the employees who face lay-offs and already enrolled students who receive the services provided by the staff of the campus. Taking this into account, I would like to draw your attention to this problem and offer to work on the solution as soon as possible as the students currently studying it the facility feel its negative effect on themselves having problems with receiving needed services. To my thinking, the possible solution is that the campus administration should address the government with the request to create some alternative source of funding so that there is no need to lay the staff off. Probably, it would be possible to establish some additional paid courses that would attract more students. Moreover, it is crucial to enhance and widen UMUC marketing campaign to attract more students and increase the number of

Intelligent Systems Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Intelligent Systems Assignment - Coursework Example The neural networks aid in the relationship of parameters of the tumor with the profile of temperature over the breast model. There is a comparison of the obtained relationship to the one obtained by an element software (Bradbury 2007). There is a possibility of determining the parameters of the cancer with a five and ten percent random noise. With ten percent noise, the estimation accuracy deteriorates for tumors which are deep-seated. INTRODUCTION Breast cancer in women is common making it an international concern. Every year about two hundred thousand new cases are reported. There is estimation that more than one million women are not aware that they have the cancer (Bradbury 2007). Infrared imaging is one of the conventional ways that were used in the detection of the cancer. Abnormal skin temperatures may be used as an indication of benign tumors and cancer. The objective of the neural networks is to develop a methodology to be used in the estimation of different parameters of t he cancerous tumor (Kings 1996). The report relate to breast cancer and the different neural networks used in the methodology estimation. Demonstration of the methodology is done by the use of a simple model, in the illustration of the details and the involved procedures. Various conditions of the cancerous tumor were used to illustrate the neural networks generality (Millburn 2000). The diagnosis of breast cancer is a significant medical problem in the real world. An important class of medical science problems involves the disease diagnosis. This is based on various performed tests upon the patient (Rockville 2008). When there is an involvement of several tests, the final diagnosis may be obtained in a difficult manner, even for experts in the medical field. This has given an increase, over a few most recent decades, to diagnostic computerized tools (Hill 2012). This are intended to help the physician in reaching a sensible conclusion out of data confusion. Much research has been d one on medical diagnosis of the cancer. A learning algorithm combines annealing logarithmic simulated with perceptron algorithm and an accuracy of almost one hundred percent is reported (Hagan 1996). Breast cancer is commonest cancer type in women. Men can also get breast cancer, but this accounts for a much lesser percentage of all diagnosed cases of breast cancer (Hill 2012). Atleast one in every eight women develops cancer once in her lifetime, that is, if they live upto the age of eighty five. More than a half of women diagnosed with breast cancer are fifty years and older. The majority of the rest are between thirty nine and forty years of age. Breast cancer can easily be treated if detected at an early stage (Hagan 1996). It can be treated successfully before it spreads out all over the body. Nine out of ten women diagnosed with cancer, live a minimum of an extra five years if their cancer is detected early enough. Once the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it becomes difficult to completely treat it (Rockville 2008). The disease can be controlled using certain method of treatment if it has already spread to other parts of the body. Initially, breast cancer develops in the breast tissue, in the milk ducts and in the glands (Hunt 2008). This cancer type is still considered breast cancer, even if its discovery comes after

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson - Essay Example The story reveals the misguided beliefs of the villagers and their specific customs. The day, in which the lottery was conducted, Mr. Summers, an old man in the village, gives guidance for the villagers. He arrives in the village square carrying a black wooden box with slips of paper in it and Mr. Graves, a young man in the town, follows Mr. Summer, carrying a three- legged stool. People keep a distance from the box and the reader can see that the villagers show their willingness as well as their hesitations towards the rituals. Amelia Tibbet observes that â€Å"Basically, the story revolves around the misguided belief that if the villagers sacrifice one of their own to what readers are led to believe is a Rain God, then they will have good crops the next year† (Tibbett). The villagers believe that if they fail to follow the tradition of the lottery, they will face some tough consequences like starvation, poverty and drought. Before the lottery is conducted, various lists had to be made, such as the heads of households, heads of eminent families, and the members of each family. The old man keeps and classifies all the details and begins the lottery. From the words of the old citizens in the town, the reader can see that there had been a ritual solute which the officials of the lottery used to practice. They had addressed each and every person who come up and draw from the box. Examining the procedures, the reader can see â€Å"there had been a recital of some sort, performed by the official of the lottery, a perfunctory, tuneless chant that had been rattled off duly each year† (Jackson). After the drawing, the winner is stoned to death by the villagers, and their activity exposes their superstition and brutality. Here, the modern reader may feel the situation as absolutely ironic because they have positive expectations

Definition Of A Product Life Cycle Marketing Essay

Definition Of A Product Life Cycle Marketing Essay A product is anything which is capable of satisfying customers needs. Product includes both physical or tangible products (mobile,car, type writer, computer, bike) and intangible products or services (health care, banking, insurance). Definition of a Product Life Cycle define what a product life cycle is: It is the period of time over which an item is developed, brought to market and eventually removed from the market. OR The stages through which a product develops over time is called Product Life Cycle (PLC). OR The product life cycle is MARKETING CONCEPT that describes the way the revenues from the sale of a product behave over time. Stages of a Product Life Cycle The product life cycle is broken down into four phases: Introduction Growth Maturity Decline The Product Life Cycle (PLC) Curve plc, product life cycle curve For all products, the life cycle is drawn is the form of a mount shaped curve. The starting of the curve marks the introduction stage; the slope indicates growth stage; top of the curve signifies maturity; and the graph ends in the decline stage. Theory of PLC: Biological Life Cycle Versus Product Life Cycle The concept of Product Life Cycle is based on biological life cycle. For instance, when a seed is planted (introduction); it begins to pullulate (growth); it shoot out flowers and leaves (maturity); and after a defined period of time, it starts to shrink and eventually die out (decline). Human beings also pass through the same phases of introduction, growth, maturity and decline in their lives. The same theory applies to a product. When a new product is launched in the market, it starts gaining customers; then it stabilizes and becomes mature; then after some time, it is taken over by the introduction of better and superior competitors therefore, it is withdrawn or harvested from the market. Benefits of Using a Product Life Cycle for Revenue MARKETING managers consider product life cycle as an important measure of sales revenues. As you can see it from the figure, the slope of the curve denotes the sales of a particular product. The more the slope then more the sales. When a product is introduced in the market, the sales are negligible. Due to marketing promotion efforts, the demand of product starts to rise and as a result some revenue is generated. When more and more customers begin to buy the product, the revenues of the product reaches to maximum; this stage is called maturity. A product can stay in maturity for several weeks, months or years depending on the external and internal market conditions and resources. Finally, when a product better in features and functions is launched by a competitor into the market, the sales starts to decline; in some cases, companies have to disengage their products or services. Product Life Cycle Management (Marketing)/ PLCM Product life cycle management (or PLCM) is the succession of strategies used by business management as a product goes through its developmental life cycle. The conditions involving the promotion and sales of a product, involving market saturation and advertising vary over time and must be managed as it moves through the different stages of succession. What is Marketing Mix? A marketing mix is a pre-planned assortment of all those controllable elements which are involved in the planning of a products marketing. they include the following 4Ps Product (often substituted by Presentation) Price Place Promotion These four elements are adjusted until the correct combination is reached befitting the requirements of a products customers, while generating optimum income. How to Create a Product Life Cycle First Stage Introducing the Product : Brand Building For the product life cycle to begin, the product must be launched in the market. This is done after target market is identified and ensured that the need for your product or service exists. At this stage, sales will be very low because customers are not really aware about the product and its benefits. Generating Demand: Promotion, Advertising, Marketing The cost of advertising and initial distribution is very high as companies intend to create awareness of the product and target early adopters. The goal is to build market and generate demand. Stage 1 Marketing Mix Implications You need to have a fair idea of marketing mix implications for each stage. Product Products are very less in number Price Some companies keep the price to high so as to cover their costs whereas others tend to keep it low so as to attract more and more early adopters. Distribution Initially, the distribution is done selectively Promotion Creation of awareness is the only goal of the promotion Growth Watch how the product is establishing market and making profit in comparison to the competitors. Maintain the focus on the promotion efforts. Notice how slowly or rapidly the product is gaining customers and generating profits. More and more retailers will be interested in carrying your product. Remember the goal of growth phase is to increase sales and gain customer preference. Second Stage Stage 2 Marketing Mix Implications Product Improvement of the product quality. Price If the demand of the product is high, price is maintained at high level whereas; if you want to target additional customer segments, reduce the price. Distribution To intensify distribution, discounts are offered to the retailers. Promotion Improved the promotional efforts. Maturity You will observe that your product has met market saturation. Eventually, there will be a marked increase in sales and it will become a challenge for the marketing and sales team to maintain the market share as new competitors would be penetrating into the market. Increase promotional efforts and offer more discount to the retailers in order that they give your more shelf space than competitors. The goal of maturity stage is to extend product life cycle while maintaining market share. Third Stage Stage 3 Marketing Mix Implications Product Product is differentiated from those of competitors Price Maximum possible reduction in prices to be made Distribution Retain existing distributors by offering discounts as well as searching for more channels of distribution Promotion Intensive promotion efforts in order to establish brand loyality Decline Carry out amarketing analysis or a survey to find out how customers perceive the product currently. If the interest and demand is low, think of ways to take the product back to profit making position. Possible ways could be the creation of new target segment and making modifications in the product. The goal of decline stage is either to maintain the product or discontinue it. Fourth Stage Stage 4 Marketing Mix Implications Product Fewer products left in the product line. Price If the product is to be maintained, the prices are retained. In case of termination, prices are reduced to liquidate inventory. Distribution Channels are phased out gradually. Promotion Advertising expenditure reaches a minimum level Examples of Product Life Cycle (PLC) Set out below are some suggested examples of products that are currently at different stages of the product life-cycle: INTRODUCTION GROWTH MATURITY DECLINE Third generation mobile phones Portable DVD Players Personal Computers Typewriters E-conferencing Email Faxes Handwritten letters All-in-one racing skin-suits Breathable synthetic fabrics Cotton t-shirts Shell Suits iris-based personal identity cards Smart cards Credit cards Cheque books Popular Cases of Product Life Cycles Pepsi Product Life Cycle Development Coca Cola Product Life Cycle Development Kellogs Product Life Cycle Development Apple Product Life Cycle Development Nokia Product Life Cycle Development

Medical Beneifits Of Animal Testing :: essays research papers

Argument Essay Where would we be Without Animal Testing? Is the use of animals in research justified? Should animal experimentation be permitted? Should these animals be liberated? A logical person would say the benefits justify the research. Without animal testing, products would be based on theory. No one would want to use something, which may damage eyes, be poisonous, cancerous, and cause birth defects. Animals used in testing are not from the endangered species list; also many of the types of animals used are killed each year by rat or mouse traps, animal control, exterminators, and animal shelters. Animal testing reaps great benefits such as finding effective drugs to combat disease, improve surgical procedures, and make products safe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When someone goes to the store and buys a product, or is prescribed medication, they don’t have to worry if the product is safe to use nor should they. The entire human race benefits from animal research. â€Å"Without animal research, medical science would come to a total standstill†(O’Neil 210). It is not as if Scientist and researchers just sit in their labs all day and torture animals for fun. Not to mention animal use is being reduced as much as possible, â€Å"most scientist are glad to use alternative test because they are usually faster and cheaper than test on animals†(Yount 72). However, â€Å"you cannot study kidney transplantation or diarrhea or high bloodpressure on a computer screen†(O’Neil 212). Besides, â€Å"Animal research has led to vaccines against diptheria, rabies, tuberculosis, polio, measles, mumps, cholera, whooping cough, and rubella. It has meant eradication of smallpox, effective treatment for diabetes and control of infection with powerful antibiotics. The cardiac pacemaker, microsurgery to reattach severed limbs, and heart, kidney, lung, liver and other transplants are all possible because of animal research†(O’Neil 210).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In short animal testing saves lives. Animal testing helps find causes, and cures of disease, genetic defects, birth defects, and abnormalities.

Emotion and Culture Paper

Emotion and Culture Paper Kerry Rogers PS2000 Intro to Psychology Professor Eva Owen March 20, 2013 Evaluating the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression. Also, evaluate how this is related to evolutionary psychology. Be sure to discuss how you would integrate this with a Christian worldview. Culture-specific or culturally universal expressions dominate the lifestyle of very culture on every nation on earth.And language is not as much of a bearer as one might think. Now lets look at the word â€Å"culture† to get a deeper understanding of the meaning. The word culture has many different meanings; let me give you some examples†¦ For some it means, a appreciation of good food, or literature or music and yes even art. Which for some is an enquired taste. Many books have been written on the subject, so we are never for a lac of understanding. â€Å"For news of the heart, ask the face. As people of differing cultures and races, do our faces speak differing languages? Which face expresses disgust? Anger? Fear? or Happiness? Sadness? Surprise? Those are just some of the question asked by very culture. From a psychological aspect researchers have found that happy people tend to have high self-esteem. People also tend to be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable. They have close friendships and more satisfying marriages. And more importantly they have a more active faith.However happiness seems not much related to other factors such as: Age, gender, parenthood and physical attractiveness. A wealth of studies has revealed another curious correlation, called the faith factor. Religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active. Health and other factors have an affect on our life’s outcome. I am not sure how culture and psychology work into a Christian worldview, but I do know that God does affect very culture and aspect of very human life that was born or will be born.Whether you belie ve that God is your creator or not does not negate from the truth. Evolution is a theory and a lie that came from human evolutionary lies that have been handed down for the past two hundred years. While Christianity, has been around since the beginning of time. You want more proof all you have to do is read the book, the book that has been reprinted and read more than any other book. Christianity is full of culture and life stories that give history like no other lifestyle known by man.

Environmental tobacco smoke determination in air Essays

Environmental tobacco smoke determination in air Essays Environmental tobacco smoke determination in air Essay Environmental tobacco smoke determination in air Essay Abstraction In this reappraisal, methodological attacks normally employed for the finding of chemical constituents in environmental baccy fume ( ETS ) are discussed. Sing its compositional diverseness and important wellness impact on world, the importance of ETS analysis is described along with the methodological analysiss normally available for fume coevals processes, trying, and preconcentration of ETS constituents. The public presentation of each experimental attack is besides evaluated in footings of basic quality confidence. To this terminal, the accent has been given to the gas chromatography ( GC ) -based sensing methods by comparing the absolute detectability every bit good as their analytical feasibleness for the most common ETS markers in practical sense. At the terminal, the restrictions and future chances in the survey of ETS are highlighted. Cardinal words: coffin nail ; fume ; vapor stage ; gas chromatography ; analytical public presentation ; trying ; preconcentration ; inspiration behaviour ; smoke machine 1. Introduction Environmental Tobacco Smoke ( ETS ) has been defined as the mixture of fume from the firing terminal of a coffin nail, pipe ( or cigar ) , and smoke exhaled by the tobacco user [ 1 ] . Consequently, the term ETS can be classified into: ( 1 ) Sidestream fume ( SS ) emitted between the whiffs of a combustion coffin nail, pipe, or cigar and ( 2 ) Mainstream fume ( MS ) exhaled by the tobacco user. About one-half of the ETS is generated in the signifier of SS during the burning of baccy merchandises and coffin nail smoke [ 2 ] . The constituents of SS fundamentally contain the same carcinogenic and toxic substances as MS that can be released and inhaled straight by the tobacco user at higher dosage. About, 4800 baccy chemicals have been identified as fume constituents [ 3 ] , while around 400 of those constituents have been capable to quantitative analysis [ 4 ] . Furthermore, at least 200 are toxic to worlds and/or experimental animate beings ; over 80 of them may belong to cognize or l ikely human carcinogens [ 4 ] . Some of these compounds are tar, C monoxide, H nitrile, phenols, ammonium hydroxide, methanal, benzine, nitrosamine, and nicotine. The exposure of ETS to non-smokers is besides referred to as inactive smoke. If exposed to ETS, nonsmokers absorb nicotine and other compounds merely as tobacco users do ; the greater the exposure to ETS, the greater the transportation of these harmful compounds proceed in the organic structure. It is estimated that tobacco users are more likely to develop lung malignant neoplastic disease by 15 times, to develop chronic lung disease by 11 times, and to endure from acute myocardial infarctions twice than non-smokers [ 5 ] . Most ETS surveies have been concentrating on the measuring of toxic pollutant degrees or on the appraisal of their exposure degree and the associated hazard with the assistance of diverse methodological attacks such as finding of ETS constituents ( MS plus SS ) , theoretical mold ( between MS and SS ) , designation of biomarkers, and personal monitoring [ 6 ] . By and large, when a individual lights a coffin nail to get down smoke, dilution of both SS and ( exhaled ) MS proceed in the ambiance with their diffusion. These fumes and their constituents are capable to farther alterations in both physical and chemical senses ( including reactions with chemical substances non generated by ETS ) . The quantitative appraisal of the concentration degrees of all harmful substances released via ETS should be considered the first measure toward the proper protection against ETS. The output and composing of a given ETS are sensitively reflected by a figure of variables such as sum of baccy burnt, the physical dimensions of coffin nail ( length, diameter, baccy blend, paper type, and filter type ) , and the types and measures of seasoning agents and additives [ 7 ] . It is besides notable that most ETS researches carried out antecedently have relied on the usage of controlled conditions and/or certain mention ( or research ) cigarettes. In contrast, the existent exposure status of ETS frequently varies in footings of smoking status ( e.g. , whiffing behaviour of an person ) and the alterations made after the emanation of fume into the ambiance ( e.g. , reaction with other chemical species ) . Furthermore, such status can besides be affected by certain variables like the length of the clip slowdown between the fume coevals and exposure ( i.e. , aged and un-aged fume ) . Most methods used for the ETS analysis have been developed based on gas chromatography ( GC ) techniques which still remain to be the best pick. The usage of GC-flame ionisation sensing ( FID ) system was the common pick for the analysis of aromatic VOCs and TVOCs in ETS [ 8-10 ] . Many writers besides relied on the N selective sensors ( such as N phosphoric sensor ( NPD ) ) for the marks including nicotine or N related compounds [ 9, 11-13 ] . Furthermore, mass spectrometer ( MS ) has been employed progressively for the sensing of selective markers ( such as nicotine, 3-ethyl pyridine ( 3-EP ) , and 2-5 dihydrofuran ) and a broad scope of volatile substances with the assistance of diverse sample intervention ( or reassign ) attacks [ 14-21 ] . Although most of old surveies were able to supply a wealth of general information sing fume composing, they have besides been confronted by different types of restrictions ( e.g. , conditions of the smoke machine, sample readying stairss, and instrumental conditions applied in the survey ) . Researchs are still underway to make full the blank pertaining to the ETS finding. The present reappraisal critically evaluates the up-to-dated cognition on the ETS with the particular accent on the finding of selective markers of ETS in air ( Table 1 ) . 2. Determination of ETS constituents 3.1 Smoke coevals and its testing There are two types of proving attacks that are typically applied to look into mainstream coffin nail fume, i.e. , output and composing measurings. Smoke output measurings fundamentally include the finding of pitch, nicotine, and C monoxide by concentrating on comparative sum of fume produced from a coffin nail under specific smoke conditions. For the probe of the ETS composing, two types of experimental attacks may be considered: ( 1 ) covering as many ETS constituents as possible or ( 2 ) focussing on the selected fume components ( e.g. , components with the possible wellness hazards ) . In order to meaningfully measure fume outputs of coffin nails, trials are conducted under unvarying and well-characterized fume coevals ( and analytical ) conditions. In this regard, there have been a figure of attempts since 1960s to set up national and international criterion methods of proving. Many types of smoking methods have been introduced by US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) , International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco ( CORESTA ) , and Tobacco Institute of Japan ( TIOJ ) [ 22-24 ] . The most common fume coevals methods aided by fume machine system include FTC and ISO 4387, which have the same standards in footings of whiff volume ( 35 cm3 ) , puff co evals frequence ( at every 60 s ) , and puff continuance ( 2 s ) . Here, coffin nails are to be smoked up to a prescribed concluding butt length without alteration of manufactured merchandises ( e.g. , no knowing blocking of perforation as is present in the coffin nail filter ) . As the sequence of these developments, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the province of Texas introduced new coffin nail testing demands in the late 1990s, [ 25-26 ] to accurately or realistically predict nicotine consumption for mean consumers. In that protocol, coffin nails are smoked with larger whiff volumes ( 45 cm3 ) than with the FTC method. Furthermore, whiffs are taken more often ( at every 30 s ) with its filter airing partly blocked ( 50 % ) . To obtain the practical information reflecting the emanations exposed to the consumer, the Canadian federal authorities has farther modified coffin nail output proving by maximising the fume roll uping conditions of the machine [ 27 ] . This method required a 55 cm3 whiff volume, whiffs coevals interval of every 30 s, and complete blocking of coffin nail filter airing [ 28 ] . The 50 or 100 % filter blowhole blocking is likely to overrate fume outputs for most tobacco users under the existent smoke conditions. This is because ab out all pitch and nicotine can be captured and analyzed under such modified conditions. In contrast, under the existent conditions, single fume components are retained more variably in relation to the single topic s inspiration, halitus form or absorption factor of single component. A recent survey demonstrated that 60-70 % of the nicotine output under the ad libitum smoke conditions was retained by tobacco users [ 29-30 ] . Sing the broad assortment of whiffing and inspiration behaviours and forms in a smoke population, it is yet unrealistic to practically imitate the human smoke status that would efficaciously reflect all the variablenesss in fume consumption forms for all fume components present, when exhaled or inhaled, because of complexness in fume composings. As discussed above, machine generated smoke outputs may supply an indicant of maximal possible fume exposure. 3.2. Smoke composing and choice of mark analytes ( markers of ETS ) In the survey of ETS, finding of the chemical composing is of premier importance. A general lineation of ETS analysis is presented in Fig 1 as flow diagram. In an attempt to cut down the complexness in the analysis of coffin nail fume, many efforts have been made to divide and place the components of ETS. If the history of ETS finding is retrospected, the first study day of the months back to Schumacher et Al. [ 31 ] in which up to 387 fume constituents ( i.e. , 19 acids, 61 lactones, 32 esters, 41 amides, 21 imides, 45 aldehydes and ketones, 46 intoxicants, 30 pyridine derived functions, 25 iminazoles, 31 lactams, 23 assorted nitgobeous heterocyclic compounds ) were identified from water-soluble part of mainstream fume. In continuance of this attempt, Newell et Al. [ 32 ] isolated and identified 173 new fume constituents ( including acids ) nowadays in the ether-soluble part of coffin nail fume condensate. 268 new fume constituents ( lipotropic bases ) were farther identified [ 33 ] . Schmeltz and Hoffmann [ 34 ] reviewed nitrogen-containing compounds in baccy and baccy fume. Thereafter, Rodgman [ 35 ] conducted a comprehensive reappraisal on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) released from coffin nail fume. Comprehensive planar gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectroscopy ( GCxGC-TOF-MS ) has been employed late for the analysis of coffin nail fume to ensue in a extremum tabular array incorporating some 30,000 extremums [ 36 ] . Complex hydrocarbons were characterized by GC-MS and GCxGC-TOF-MS in coffin nail fume condensate [ 37 ] . As a consequence, a sum of 1800 hydrocarbons were tentatively identified, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatics and isoprenoid hydrocarbons. Although there have been a figure of attempts to measure the maximal constituents of ETS, most ETS analyses normally focused on a comparatively little figure of analytes ( selective markers ) with the assistance of specific sample readying techniques. In fact, selective sensing of mark compounds helped us transport out in-depth analysis of environmentally important constituents and raised the quality of ETS research [ 36 ] . A marker for ETS survey was proposed to refer the undermentioned 4 belongingss: ( 1 ) unique ( or about alone ) in baccy fume, ( 2 ) sufficient for sensing through the common available techniques, ( 3 ) similar rates of emanation for most coffin nail trade names, and ( 4 ) a changeless ratio in ETS ( in footings of the comparative composing compared to the staying constituents for a broad scope of coffin nail trade names ) [ 38 ] . Some of the markers studied are respirable suspended peculiar affair ( RSP ) , ultraviolet particulate affair ( UVPM ) , fluorescent particulate affair ( FPM ) , soluble particulate affair ( SolPM ) , nicotine, 3-EP, and 2-5 dimethyl furan [ 19-20, 39 ] . Out of all studied ETS markers, nicotine has been explored most often, as it is non normally found in a smokeless indoor air. However, the suitableness of nicotine as a baccy marker has besides been questioned because of its sink consequence ( e.g. , decay or lessening by UV-radiation ) . 3.3 Sampling/preconcentration methods of vapor stage markers of ETS 3.3.1. Collection on solid sorbents In visible radiation of compositional diverseness in ETS, surveies conducted to day of the month hold focused on some selective markers of which analysis can continue with the proper choice of suited trying media. In Table 2, the sampling/preconcentration strategies normally applied for the aggregation of ETS samples are summarized. As these selective markers normally exist at ultra-low concentration degree, e.g. , nicotine every bit low as 1.8  µg m-3 [ 40 ] , one needs some preconcentration/enrichment method to concentrate their concentration in the noticeable scope of common methods ( GC or GC-MS ) . For this intent, solid sorbents have been applied often as preconcentration tools to ease their quantification. The aggregation on these solid sorbents can farther be classified into two major classs based on the sample intervention attack prior to GC-based analysis: ( 1 ) sorbent that require extraction of the ETS constituents with suited dissolver ( solvent-based ) and ( 2 ) the s orbent that are thermally desorbed in a thermic desorber ( TD ) system without any extraction process ( i.e. , solvent-free method ) 3.3.1.1 Solvent- based extraction Bing recommended as a standard method for the aggregation and analysis of nicotine and other N incorporating compounds in air [ 41 ] , XAD-4 has been preferred over the other aggregation media in both research lab and field conditions which needs solvent-based extraction by ethyl ethanoate with triethyl aminoalkane buffer prior to GC-based analysis. For case, Nelson et Al. [ 9 ] were able to roll up nicotine from ETS samples generated by research coffin nails utilizing XAD-4 rosin and quantified nicotine at a concentration scope of 72 to 106  µg m-3 by GC-NPD. Baek et Al. [ 8 ] besides used XAD-4 rosin to mensurate nicotine in the scope of 0.3 ( outdoor ) to 1.8  µg m-3 ( indoor ) from assorted urban locations in Korea. Likewise, Phillips et Al. [ 12 ] successfully detected nicotine at a low concentration degree of 0.60-0.90  µg m-3 from the workplace environments in U.K with the assistance of XAD-4 rosin. The storage of gaseous nicotine on XAD-4 rosin was stable for 30 yearss at 5 A ; deg ; C and for 14 yearss at ambient temperature [ 10 ] . The desorption efficiency for nicotine determined by these writers over the scope of survey varied from 90.9 % ( 0.096  µg ) to 93.7 % ( 24.0  µg ) . This sorbent has been used extensively to roll up environmental samples from Pubs and bars in UK wherein nicotine was present in the average scope of 57.3 to 109.4  µg m-3 [ 39 ] . Baek and Jenkins [ 13 ] successfully extended their attempts to roll up the nicotine from environmental trial Chamberss ( fume generated by fume machine ) and later analyzed it by GC-NPD. Hengel et Al. [ 17 ] have besides analyzed nicotine by roll uping it on XAD-4 rosin and sensing through GC-MS at a concentration scope of up to 100  µg m-3. A combined application of GC-FID ( or GC/NPD ) with XAD-4 sorbent tubing therefore has been widely applied for the aggregation, separation, designation, and quantitation of airborne nicotine. In recent old ages, many different types of attacks have besides been attested as the solvent-based method for the aggregation of nicotine. For case, Barnoya et Al. [ 42 ] used a inactive sampling attack to roll up nicotine on filter badge treated with Na bisulfate in the indoor environment ( school, university, airdrome, eating house, and saloon ) with an first-class detectabilty ( DL value of 0.0014  µg m-3 ) . In another study made by Saito and Seto [ 18 ] , alkaline-coated soild stage cartridge ( styrene-divinylbenzene ) was besides used to roll up nicotine from ETS with the recovery of 80 % . These writers achieved its method sensing bound ( MDL ) at 0.35  µg m-3 in a GC-MS based analysis with sampling volume of 72 litre for an air trying clip of 12 hr. Vainiotalo et Al. [ 21 ] used wood coal tubings ( SKC-226-01 ) for roll uping nicotine and 3-EP for farther extraction with pyridine/toluene solution ; they were able to observe nicotine and 3-EP with LOQ values of 0.02 and 0 .07-0.14  µg m-3, severally. The concentrations of nicotine and 3-EP in both smoke and non-smoking countries were found at 0.12 to 103  µg m-3 and 0.17 to 5  µg m-3, severally. 3.3.1.2. Solvent-free technique ( Thermal-desorber ) Contrary to the solvent-based extraction, there have been a figure of applications in which sorbents are used for the aggregation of ETS without the assistance of dissolver. In this regard, the debut of machine-controlled TD technique with the combination of Tenax sorbent has been successful for the analysis of nicotine and other mark compounds. For case, Thompson et Al. [ 11 ] quantified nicotine in the concentration scope of 0.5 to 37.2  µg m-3 through the aggregation by Tenax GC ( 35-60 ) and analysis by GC-NPD. Rothberg et Al. [ 38 ] were able to roll up nicotine on Tenax TA and quantified with a bound of quantification ( LOQ ) around 0.05  µg m-3 with a combination of GC-MS and TD. In a survey of Vainiotalo et Al. [ 21 ] , a suite of VOCs ( methylbenzene, m, p-xylene, limonene, benzine, furfurylaldehyde, phenol, ethylbenzene, pyridine, o-xylene, 3-picoline, cinnamene, and naphthalene ) were capable to adsorbent enrichment by Tenax TA ( 60/80 ) and chrompack ( 150 mg/tube ) . These writers collected samples from indoor environment of eating houses ( smoking and non-smoking countries ) and analyzed them with the assistance of GC-MS and TD combination ; they were able to accomplish LOQ in the scope of 0.004 to 0.16  µg m-3. Recently, Tenax GR has besides been used efficaciously in combination with Carbosieve to roll up a broad scope of ETS constituents ( nicotine, 3-EP, 2, 5-dimethyl furan, aromatics, methane seriess, olefines, terpenes, phenols, and carbonyls ) from research coffin nails for the application of GC-MS and TD system [ 20 ] ; these writers were able to accomplish DL values at sub-nanogram degree. There have been a few research attempts which attempted to quantify VOCs and other analytes in ETS that are non normally treated as ETS markers. For case, multi-sorbent traps ( Carbotrap + Carbosieve + Carbopack-X ) were used for the sorption of 30 VOCs [ 13 ] . Carbopack-X tubings were besides used to mensurate 1, 3 butadiene and isoprene from ET S with LOQ values below 0.05  µg m-3 by a GC-MS-TD based analysis [ 21 ] . As another type of sorbent-based application, graphitized C black placed in quartz tubing was used for the aggregation of nicotine from environmental chamber [ 43 ] . Microwave thermic desorption-capillary GC was so employed for its finding ( in both gas and paticulate stage ) in SS samples from that chamber. These writers pointed that several factors such as temperature stableness, high pureness, heat soaking up features of the sorbent, and the permeableness of the vitreous silica tubes to microwaves played cardinal functions in the thermic desorption with the assistance of microwaves after active sampling. Baltussen et Al. [ 44 ] utilized a cartridge packed with 100 % polydimethylsiloxane ( PDMS ) particles for the sorptive enrichment of nicotine from gaseous samples and quantification with a combination of a TD and GC-NPD. These writers evaluated the sorption efficiency of four sorbent stuffs ( Carbotrap 300, Carbotrap 302, Tenax TA, and Chromosorb 101 ) against PDMS by spiking the air samples with nicotine at two concentrations, i.e. , 100 and 2  µg m-3 and ciphering the recoveries for 6 L of air samples. The consequences showed a complete loss of nicotine on C based Carbotrap stages, whereas others showed significantly hapless recoveries compared to PDMS. For case, Tenax TA showed a recovery in the scope of 52 % ( at 2 at 100  µg m-3 ) to 73 % ( at 100  µg m-3 ) , while Chromosorb 101 showed a recovery in the scope of 7 % ( at 2 at 100  µg m-3 ) to 61 % ( at 100  µg m-3 ) . Conversely, PDMS demonstrated reasonably good recoveries of 98 and 105 % at 100 and 2  µg m-3 conc entrations, severally. In drumhead, if the aforesaid surveies are compared with each other, there exist a figure of picks for solid sorbents for sampling of ETS. However, there is deficiency of sufficient informations refering to the basic standards such as discovery volume, desorption efficiency, and storage ability to decently measure the effectivity of sorbent methods, if one wants to cover with the high terminal of burning beginning like ETS in footings of the dependability or duplicability. For this ground, we need to foster develop trying methodological analysiss and to measure the aforesaid standards of normally available sorbents with regard to ETS. In recent old ages, Peltier chilling ( Personal computer ) -based cryogenic preconcentration has often been employed in concurrence with TD for the analysis of environmental samples [ 45 ] . Because the PC-TD-based method has barely been applied to ETS, it should be worthwhile to research the feasibleness of such technique for ETS research in assorted r espects. 3.3.2. Solid stage microextraction ( SPME ) In recent old ages, the solid-phase microextraction ( SPME ) method has received attending as a possible sample readying technique for hint gas constituents under solvent-free conditions. The convenience of SPME has been realized both in the research lab and for on-site monitoring, as it allows a individual measure intervention for trying, isolation, and enrichment [ 46 ] . For air matrices, the SPME fibre can be used to pull out analytes either by direct exposure to raw samples or by usage of the headspace method on pretreated samples [ 47-48 ] . Due to aforementioned belongingss, SPME has been widely applied to the sampling and analysis of environmental, nutrient, olfactory property, forensic, and pharmaceutical samples [ 49 ] . In the field of baccy research, the utility of SPME has been recognized in the analysis of assorted coffin nail additives [ 50-51 ] , phenolic compounds in coffin nail fume condensate [ 52 ] , volatile constituents in baccy [ 53 ] , assorted alkaloids nowadays in baccy [ 54 ] , free-base nicotine associated with the particulate fraction of MS [ 55 ] , and ethanoates in coffin nail baccy [ 56 ] . As listed above, there exist a figure of studies that employed SPME for the analysis of baccy constituents instead than ETS. As such, the application of SPME has barely been made towards the finding of gaseous ETS constituents. As one specific illustration, Huali et Al. [ 15 ] evaluated two types of trying methods for gaseous nicotine on 100  µm PDMS fibre. The first 1 was a low volume active sampling method for nicotine, while the 2nd one entirely relied on molecular diffusion with inactive sampling. Both methods were able to pull out nicotine at low concentration degrees of 0.12 to 0.22  µg m-3. In a recent study, Pieraccini et Al. [ 21 ] attempted to develop SPME-based quantification method for fume components. These writers evaluated 3 type of fibres, i.e. , 100  µm PDMS, 85  µm polyacrylate ( PA ) , and 65  µm polydimethylsiloxane/ divinylbenzene ( PDMS/DVB ) ) . The optimisation of the extraction process was attained by taking into consideration of fiber polymer type and exposure temperature and continuance. These writers highlighted that a reasonably polar fibre ( PDMS/DVB ) was the most efficient for trying fume components with a medium temperature ( 40oC ) and a low extraction clip ( 1 min ) which finally led to the successful sensing and quantification of 67 fume constituents ( nicotine with VOCs ) . In continuance of this attempt, Ye et Al. [ 57 ] reported that SPME can be appropriately used for trying and analysis of VOCs from baccy fume. These writers besides investigated the optimal conditions for SPME application ( fiber type, exposure continuance, desorption temperature, etc. ) and found 30  µm divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane ( DVB-CAR-PDMS ) as the best pick ( among four different polymer coatings, i.e. , 65 µm PDMS-DVB, 65  µm carbowax-divinylbenzene ( CW-DVB ) , 30  µm DVB-CAR-PDMS, 85  µm polyacrylate ( PA ) ) with exposure continuance of 3 min and a desorption temperature of 250oC. These writers were able to quantify 70 VOCs from mainstream fume collected by a home-made smoke machine and analysis through a combination of SPME and GC-MS. It is good known that the analysis with SPME method can be sensitively affected by diverse equilibrium commanding factors, i.e. , initial concentration of analyte, stage types, fiber surfacing volume, distribution coefficient, their liposolubilty ( octanol-water divider coefficient or log Kow ) , and molecular volume [ 58-59 ] . Because SPME can endure from a job of the fibre impregnation in ETS analysis, it can finally give erroneous consequences for the constituents with really high concentration ( e.g. , nicotine ) [ 21 ] . Hence, a proper rating of SPME technique is further desirable for the analysis of complex mixture like ETS in footings of fibre type choices and suited sampling conditions. The optimisation of SPME conditions has the possible to drive ETS research to new skyline, sing its broad scope of pertinence, low cost, and easiness of operation. 3.4. Sampling of particulate stage ETS markers As a important measure of ETS constituents can be accumulated into atom stage, many research workers have besides studied ETS markers in particulate stage such as RSP, UVPM, FPM, and SolPM along with their gaseous opposite numbers. For the aggregation of these particulate stage markers, fluoropore membrane filter has been utilized extensively [ 8-9, 12-13, 39 ] . The aggregation process for such constituents by and large consists of go throughing big volume of air through an impactor and the filter by agencies of a vacuity pump. The finding of RSP is accomplished by merely ciphering the mass difference of the sampled and pre-weighted filter. On the other manus, finding of UVPM, FPM, and SolPM can continue with extraction of those filters with dissolver ( e.g. , methyl alcohol ) to measure each fraction with a combination of different sensors ( e.g. , UV for UVPM and Fluorescence sensors for FPM ) or columns through high public presentation liquid chromatography ( e.g. , usage of the modified column for SolPM ) . The usage of these filters has been successful both in research lab and field conditions. For case, Nelson et Al. [ 9 ] were able to mensurate the concentrations of RSP, UVPM, and FPM in the concentration ranges of 1285-1661, 156-205, and 30-38  µg m-3, severally, from the fume of 11 different coffin nail trade names collected in laboratory conditions. In another study made by Baek et Al. [ 8 ] , these particulate stage constituents ( i.e. , RSP, UVPM, FPM, and SolPM ) were collected on fluoropore membrane filter and determined in the concentration ranges of 80-100, 9.5-19.5, 4.2-9.3, and 1.5-7.0  µg m-3, severally. These writers used a significantly big volume of air ( i.e. , 2477 L ) to accomplish LOQ values of 25 ( RSP ) , 0.50 ( UVPM ) , 0.11 ( FPM ) , and 0.25  µg m-3 ( SolPM ) . 4. Evaluation of sensing methods for ETS constituents 4.1. GC-based sensing for vapor stage constituents The finding of ETS has been achieved most normally through GC interfaced with one of several selectable sensing systems such as GC-FID for the analysis of aromatic VOCs and TVOCs [ 9-10 ] , nitrogen selective sensors ( such as NPD ) for the nicotine or N related compounds [ 9,11-13 ] , and MS for both selective markers ( such as nicotine, 3-EP, and 2-5 dihydrofuran ) and a broad scope of volatile substances [ 14-21 ] ( Table 3 ) . In order to compare the comparative public presentation of different sensing methods, the basic quality confidence parametric quantities such as sensing bound ( DL ) values and preciseness ( expressed in footings of comparative criterion divergence ( RSD ) from replicate analysis ) achieved in old surveies have been compiled in Table 4. The DL values of different surveies are summarized for single ETS constituents, as it can change between compounds against different methods. The DL values are expressed both in footings of absolute detectabilty ( ng ) and concentration (  µg m-3 ) . However, it was non possible to show all the DL values in both footings due to the deficiency of sampling/analysis information. As shown in Table 4, the DL values for a given ETS constituent were found in a variable scope depending on the experimental attacks. Comparison of the DL values in footings of absolute mass ( ng ) indicates that MS has a relatively superior public presentation than the other methods like N selective sensors ( e.g. , NPD ) . For case, Charles et Al. [ 19 ] were able to accomplish the DL values of the nicotine by the MS method at two orders of the magnitude lower ( 0.16-1.09 nanogram ) than those of NPD ( 13.0 nanogram ) reported by Pendergrass et Al. [ 10 ] ; note that both surveies used thermic desorption as a sample transportation method. Likewise, if the DL values of nicotine are derived based on dissolver based extraction method ( i.e. , acetone/ethyl acetate/methanol based extraction ) , MS and NPD have significantly big differences: the former ( 0.005 nanogram: [ 17 ] ) showed DL values relatively superior to the later ( 100 nanogram: [ 12 ] ) ( Table 4 ) . The absolute detectab ilty of FID was besides significantly larger than those of MS [ 61 ] ; the absolute DL of nicotine was about 100 nanograms, when collected on Cambridge filter phonograph record, extracted with quintessence and Na hydrated oxide, and analyzed with a megabore capillary GC-FID. The look of DL values in footings of concentration (  µg m-3 ) offers a comparing for detectability in a practical sense. In contrast to those expressed in absolute footings, DL values in  µg m-3 fell in slightly comparable scope between MS and NPD in many surveies. For case, if the detectabilty of two surveies, i.e. , NPD [ 12 ] vs. MS [ 17 ] is compared for nicotine, they were seen in a reasonably comparable scope ( below 0.09  µg m-3 degree ) . The compensation attained by NPD was due to the aggregation of of big sample volume ( 1152 L ) relative to MS ( 15- 120 L ) ( Table 4 ) . As another nitrogen-bearing marker for ETS, 3-EP has besides been targeted in assorted surveies. Its DL values varied between 0.16 [ 19 ] to 10 nanograms [ 60 ] , when compared in absolute footings across different surveies made with GC-MS combined with TD. In add-on, legion surveies have shown the existent sensing of 3-EP at sub- µg m-3 degree in existent samples ( below 0.27  µg m-3 ) either with NPD or MS-based sensing [ 12, 21, 39 ] . In drumhead, if one compares straight the detectabilty of MS and NPD in the analysis of nitrogen-bearing ETS markers, the former is well superior in absolute footings which can be improved further in practical sense with the aggregation of big sampling volume and by the employment of preconcentration tools like SPME. Apart from these Ns selective markers, many writers have besides evaluated a figure of VOCs released via baccy fume based chiefly on GC-MS method. The usage of GC-MS, if combined with TD, was able to give the DL values in sub-ng scope for a figure of VOCs, i.e. , 0.04 to 0.11 nanograms ( aromatic VOCs ) , 0.04-0.29 nanogram ( methane seriess ) , 0.20-0.60 nanogram ( olefines ) , and 0.08 nanogram ( terpenes ) [ 19 ] . Similarly, Vainiotalo et Al. [ 21 ] were able to accomplish the DL values at somewhat higher degree, i.e. , 0.13-4.7 nanogram ( aromatics ) and 0.3 and 0.8 nanogram for 1-3 butadiene and isoprene, severally, by GC-MS coupled with TD ( Table 4 ) . On the other manus, if these DL values are compared in concentration (  µg m-3 ) , a important betterment was seen by Vainiotalo et Al. [ 21 ] . These writers obtained their DL values in 0.004-

Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned

Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned This article is a kind of sample argumentative essay on the topic Smoking in Public Places Should be Banned Ban the Smoking: It’s Bad for Everyone Second-Hand Smoking Now that America is no longer dependent on tobacco production as a means to sustain its economy, the industry and culture surrounding it should be heavily controlled. Now that fewer people are smoking cigarettes, because of the well-documented health concerns related to its use, more cities and districts are cracking down on smoking in public places – and rightfully so. Smoking in public places should not only be banned, it should come with heavy penalties, such as outlandish fines, criminal charges and, if possible, public beatings. Due to the health problems associated with smoking cigarettes, due to smoking being a fire hazard and offensive to non-smokers, smoking in public places should never go under the radar. It should be banned on a national scale. Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes in public places should be banned because it’s offensive to the non-smokers who have to endure the smoke, the butts, the mess and the smell. Consider the typical public place – a market door entrance, a park bench, an elevator. People come to these places for peace and quiet, for necessity, to get to work, so they should not be required to breathe another person’s poisonous tobacco fumes. Everyone knows that second-hand smoke is just as, if not more, dangerous than directly inhaling the smoke. Why should a health-conscious, everyday person have to be penalized for another’s bad decision? It just isn’t right – so smoking in public places should be banned altogether. It’s also disgusting to smell cigarette smoke – even worse when it’s on your clothes. The American government has yet to criminalize the use of all tobacco products, mostly because of billion-dollar companies like Phillip Mor ris, out of Richmond, Virginia, pays millions of dollars in taxes annually. But cigarettes are killing everyday Americans, costing them too much in the long run. They should certainly be banned everywhere, not just in public places. More articles to read:  Junk Food in School  |  Why Are You Not in Class and out There Bleeding? Smoking Is Not Fashionable Anymore! Let’s ban smoking in public places because it gives young, impressionable adolescents the wrong idea. They see it and think it’s a normal, healthy, cool adult thing to do – something they perhaps feel they’re supposed to do it as adults, maybe even as teens. This is bad because they do not possess the foresight and self-preservation experience to avoid doing things that could one day kill them. By banning smoking in public places, fewer people will be seen smoking and, subsequently, outcast from society. It will be the thing that those people do; they will have to hide it. This is good because this mentality will condition smokers to perhaps give up smoking, a good deterrent for sure because the same social and peer pressure that may have encouraged them to begin smoking has gone the other way. Banning smoking in public places is a wonderful idea and should be taken up by every single jurisdiction, municipality, city, hole-in-the-wall town and county in th e country. In addition to smoking raising health concerns, banning public smoking altogether, including indoors, would surely cut down on fires – both in buildings and possibly in nature, as well. Just picture a waiter with five minutes for a smoke standing just outside a restaurant’s kitchen in a rush to fill their nicotine cravings. The headwaiter calls their name and they flick the cancer stick away – it’s not their problem, right? But it’s windy that night and the cigarette rolls into the nearby trash. And, bam – a fire has begun. People could die. How about banning smoking anywhere a fire could start, any place that could endanger others? This would cut down immensely on building fires. Innocent people wouldn’t have to die in fires, and their beloved possessions would not be destroyed. Banning public smoking benefits everyone, including the smoker. Let’s conclude this argument by going a step further. If we can already see how banning public smoking would benefit our citizens – protecting their health, peace of mind, homes and possessions – why stop there? Let’s ban smoking tobacco products altogether! Let’s rid our wonderful society of this evil poison, this killer of people, this addictive substance with no health value whatsoever. Let’s make cigarettes so expensive to buy that few can afford them, and so hard to find that they may as well be sold on the black market. This should apply to those vaporized smoking apparatuses, too. They are said to be a healthier alternative to smoking filter tobacco products, but they are just offensive to be around. Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Introduction For thÐ µ past 25 yÐ µars, thÐ µ Ð µstablishmÐ µnt of strong laws prÐ µvÐ µnting smoking in public placÐ µs has bÐ µÃ µn a primary goal of thÐ µ tobacco control movÐ µmÐ µnt. From a lÐ µgislativÐ µ pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µ, thÐ µ issuÐ µ has bÐ µÃ µn how to movÐ µ broad public support for clÐ µan indoor air laws into policiÐ µs that protÐ µct thÐ µ public from thÐ µ harms of Ð µnvironmÐ µntal tobacco smokÐ µ (ЕTS, also known as passivÐ µ or sÐ µcondhand smokÐ µ) without rÐ µstricting individual rights to smokÐ µ. ЕvÐ µn today, whÐ µn smoking in public placÐ µs is highly rÐ µgulatÐ µd in most statÐ µs, thÐ µ dÐ µbatÐ µ ovÐ µr thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of that rÐ µgulation is around. That thÐ µ statÐ µ has thÐ µ right to rÐ µgulatÐ µ smoking to sÐ µcurÐ µ thÐ µ public's hÐ µalth is bÐ µyond quÐ µstion. ThÐ µ dÐ µbatÐ µ is about whÐ µn, how, and undÐ µr what circumstancÐ µs thÐ µ statÐ µ should Ð µxÐ µrcisÐ µ that powÐ µr ( LÐ µvy and Marimont 25).This papÐ µr arguÐ µs that smoking should bÐ µ bannÐ µd in thÐ µ public placÐ µs, illustrating that sÐ µcond-hand smoking sÐ µriously harms pÐ µoplÐ µ, showing that smoking prÐ µsÐ µnts a sÐ µrous risk to adolÐ µscÐ µnt and tÐ µÃ µnagÐ µrs, and pointing out that smoking is an addiction rathÐ µr than a simplÐ µ habit. In this papÐ µr, two opposing viÐ µws about smoking in thÐ µ public placÐ µs arÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd. WÐ µ bÐ µgin with thÐ µ argumÐ µnts supporting thÐ µ smoking in public placÐ µs. ThÐ µn, clÐ µar-cut rÐ µasoning why thÐ µ smoking in public should bÐ µ bannÐ µd is givÐ µn; illustrating that smoking is indÐ µÃ µd a vÐ µry sÐ µrious problÐ µm that should bÐ µ adÐ µquatÐ µly addrÐ µssÐ µd at thÐ µ statÐ µ and fÐ µdÐ µral lÐ µvÐ µls. ArgumÐ µnts supporting smoking in public placÐ µs Although a numbÐ µr of individuals support thÐ µ ban on smoking in public placÐ µs, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ many protÐ µstÐ µrs who arguÐ µ that smokÐ µrs should rÐ µtain thÐ µir rights to smokÐ µ in such placÐ µs as bars, rÐ µstaurants, and airports. ThÐ µ cÐ µntral rÐ µasoning of opponÐ µnts to rÐ µgulation prohibiting smoking arÐ µ that this habit is an individual choicÐ µ and that frÐ µÃ µ markÐ µt conditions should dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ whÐ µrÐ µ pÐ µoplÐ µ smokÐ µ, not thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt (Martin A1). To bÐ µ concisÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ a numbÐ µr of commonly accÐ µptÐ µd argumÐ µnts in favor of smoking in public placÐ µs, which arÐ µ outlinÐ µd bÐ µlow. RÐ µliancÐ µ on thÐ µ MarkÐ µt: In gÐ µnÐ µral, opponÐ µnts bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ that thÐ µ markÐ µt should dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ thÐ µ propÐ µr rolÐ µ of smoking in sociÐ µty. In particular, thÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ problÐ µm of whosÐ µ rights arÐ µ allowÐ µd to dictatÐ µ what is rulÐ µd. This is thÐ µ traditional public hÐ µalth dilÐ µmma of whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ individual's right to smokÐ µ and takÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility for his or hÐ µr own hÐ µalth is outwÐ µighÐ µd by thÐ µ public's right to clÐ µan air. Similarly, thÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ philosophical quÐ µstion of how far thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt, at any lÐ µvÐ µl, should bÐ µ allowÐ µd to limit individual frÐ µÃ µdoms for thÐ µ sakÐ µ of public hÐ µalth (Mannino Ð µt al., 297-298). PÐ µrsonal ChoicÐ µ: OpponÐ µnts of smoking ban havÐ µ arguÐ µd that smoking is a mattÐ µr of pÐ µrsonal choicÐ µ for adults that should not bÐ µ subjÐ µct to govÐ µrnmÐ µntal rulÐ µ (Sullum 170). ThÐ µsÐ µ commÐ µntators activÐ µly opposÐ µ smoking rÐ µgulations as unjustifiÐ µd govÐ µrnmÐ µntal rulÐ µ. SupportÐ µrs of thÐ µ tobacco industry also arguÐ µ that smokÐ µrs rÐ µtain havÐ µ rights to choosÐ µ to usÐ µ tobacco products. In rÐ µcÐ µnt yÐ µars, thÐ µ opponÐ µnts of tobacco rÐ µgulation havÐ µ accusÐ µd thÐ µ tobacco control movÐ µmÐ µnt of bÐ µing unjust. To thÐ µsÐ µ critics, smokÐ µrs arÐ µ unfairly trÐ µatÐ µd (Sullum 175): By stÐ µpping in and imposing thÐ µ samÐ µ smoking policy on Ð µvÐ µryonÐ µ, thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt dÐ µstroys divÐ µrsitythÐ µ potÐ µntial to satisfy a widÐ µ variÐ µty of tastÐ µs and prÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs, not just thÐ µ majority's (Sullum 179). What is morÐ µ, Sullum is arguing that a policy Ð µnvironmÐ µnt allowing for a divÐ µrsity of markÐ µt standards rÐ µgarding accÐ µptablÐ µ smoking bÐ µhavior is prÐ µfÐ µrablÐ µ to a standard antismoking policy (180). At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ, thÐ µ public is gÐ µtting incrÐ µasingly concÐ µrnÐ µd ovÐ µr thÐ µ Ð µffÐ µcts of sÐ µcond-hand smoking and thÐ µ hÐ µalth risks it carriÐ µs. AdvocatÐ µs of thÐ µ ban on smoking in public placÐ µs prÐ µsÐ µnt a numbÐ µr of clÐ µar-cur rÐ µasons why pÐ µoplÐ µ should b protÐ µctÐ µd from this harmful habit. RÐ µgulating smoking in public placÐ µs In rÐ µcÐ µnt yÐ µars, thÐ µ primary argumÐ µnt justifying rÐ µgulation of tobacco products has bÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ hÐ µalth costs and risks associatÐ µd with tobacco usÐ µ. Antismoking advocatÐ µs havÐ µ succÐ µssfully prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ that sÐ µcond-hand smoking causÐ µs sÐ µrious hÐ µalth damagÐ µs to third partiÐ µs to justify govÐ µrnmÐ µntal intÐ µrvÐ µntion. ThÐ µ justification favoring smoking ban in public placÐ µs is positionÐ µd on a combination of sciÐ µntific, moral, and public policy grounds. AdvocatÐ µs claim that thÐ µ clÐ µar social and hÐ µalth gains from clÐ µan indoor air rÐ µstrictions far outwÐ µigh thÐ µ intÐ µrruption with individual frÐ µÃ µdom to smokÐ µ (Sullum 90). SciÐ µntific ArgumÐ µnts: ThÐ µ most popular sciÐ µntific dÐ µbatÐ µ on smoking concÐ µrns thÐ µ Ð µffÐ µcts of sÐ µcond-hand smoking. In thÐ µ Ð µarly 1990s, thÐ µ nation's lÐ µading sciÐ µntific rÐ µsÐ µarch organizations rÐ µlÐ µasÐ µd statÐ µmÐ µnts Ð µmphasizing thÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd to rÐ µducÐ µ thÐ µ public's Ð µxposurÐ µ to sÐ µcond-hand smoking. In 1991, thÐ µ CDC's National InstitutÐ µ for Occupational SafÐ µty and HÐ µalth (NIOSH) issuÐ µd a bullÐ µtin rÐ µcommÐ µnding that sÐ µcond-hand smokÐ µ bÐ µ rÐ µducÐ µd to thÐ µ lowÐ µst possiblÐ µ concÐ µntration in thÐ µ workplacÐ µ (LÐ µvy and Marimont 26). RÐ µviÐ µws of thÐ µ sciÐ µntific data rÐ µlating to thÐ µ dangÐ µrs of sÐ µcondhand smokÐ µ by thÐ µ National AcadÐ µmy of SciÐ µncÐ µs, thÐ µ U.S. Public HÐ µalth SÐ µrvicÐ µ, thÐ µ ЕPA, NIOSH, and thÐ µ AmÐ µrican HÐ µart Association all sÐ µparatÐ µly concludÐ µd that Ð µxposurÐ µ to ЕTS at thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µls that oftÐ µn occur in U.S. homÐ µs and worksitÐ µs is associatÐ µd with lung cancÐ µr, cardiovascular disÐ µasÐ µ, strokÐ µ, and othÐ µr illnÐ µssÐ µs in nonsmokÐ µrs (LÐ µvy and Marimont 26). ConcÐ µptual ArgumÐ µnts: In addition to thÐ µ sciÐ µntific argumÐ µnts, advocatÐ µs also offÐ µr concÐ µptual justifications for banning smoking in public placÐ µs. For instancÐ µ, Arno, Brandt, Gostin, and Morgan offÐ µr thrÐ µÃ µ justifications for rÐ µgulating tobacco: risk to public hÐ µalth or safÐ µty, risk assumÐ µd by childrÐ µn and adolÐ µscÐ µnts, and risk assumÐ µd by consÐ µnting adults (258-260). Conclusion Banning smoking in public placÐ µs prÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ traditional public hÐ µalth dilÐ µmma of whÐ µthÐ µr thÐ µ individual's rights to smokÐ µ and takÐ µ rÐ µsponsibility for his or hÐ µr own hÐ µalth arÐ µ outwÐ µighÐ µd by thÐ µ public's right to clÐ µan air in public placÐ µs. Similarly, thÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ philosophical quÐ µstion rÐ µgarding thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt to which thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt should bÐ µ allowÐ µd to rulÐ µ in thÐ µ namÐ µ of public hÐ µalth whilÐ µ limiting individual frÐ µÃ µdom to smokÐ µ. ЕvÐ µn though thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ many opponÐ µnts of smoking ban, it is clÐ µar that govÐ µrnmÐ µnt should act to discouragÐ µ smoking in public placÐ µs to protÐ µct nonsmokÐ µrs from bÐ µing Ð µxposÐ µd to dangÐ µrs associatÐ µd with smoking. It is clÐ µar that govÐ µrnmÐ µnt should not ignorÐ µ smoking and should usÐ µ its powÐ µrs to makÐ µ smoking in public as difficult as possiblÐ µ. Finally, rÐ µcÐ µnt studiÐ µs continuÐ µ to dÐ µmonstratÐ µ thÐ µ hÐ µalth problÐ µms associatÐ µd with sÐ µcond-hand smoking. Finally, bÐ µcausÐ µ smokÐ µrs arÐ µ not bÐ µing askÐ µd or rÐ µquirÐ µd to givÐ µ up smoking, thÐ µ minor intÐ µrfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ on whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µy can smokÐ µ is far outwÐ µighÐ µd by thÐ µ harm to third pÐ µrsons from allowing smoking in public placÐ µs.

Technology and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology and change - Essay Example Cell phones, especially GPS phones raise lots of concerns over the privacy issues. Consumers are often not aware that their movements are monitored. Their secrecy and private life will be in jeopardy while they are using such GPS mobile phones. Women and girls can be traced and their private life can be exploited by intruders. Blackmailing and robbery can be accomplished using the GPS. Security is another concern. â€Å"Government officials and communications experts are assessing the public safety and security implications of a newly posted online article that provides directions for making cheap devices that can jam Global Positioning System (GPS) signals. The Phrack article provides a detailed guide to building a low-cost, portable GPS jammer out of components that can be easily obtained from electronics supply houses. (Bob Brewin) As per this article, an average person with slight knowledge in electronics can make GPS jammers without much effort. In the modern world of highest terrorist activities, GPS can act as a blessing and a curse at the same time. â€Å"Global Positioning Systems (GPS) reveal a persons location. This type of location data helps police with their investigations, such as tracking down a criminal or even someone who is lost or missing. They can act as a safety device to protecting your family and loved ones. Location technology also helps locate stolen cars.†(Brad Seabourne  ). For example, suppose a person with a GPS phone is being kidnapped. The police can identify the location of the person who is being kidnapped with the help of the GPS system easily. GPS can provide valuable information to the drivers such as total miles driven, speeds that it was driven, travelled routes and current location. The driver can now find their exact location and get directions, and more over they can have it delivered by voice with the help of

Professional 2 part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional 2 part 1 - Essay Example In Australia, there is an estimated number of 24, 891 children suffering from Down Syndrome based on extrapolated statistics (Statistics by Country for Down Syndrome 2008). In Victoria, the incidence of this abnormality is 1 in every 481 births (Birth Defects – Trisomy Disorder 2007). It was reported that statistics would show that expectant Australian mothers who were apprised beforehand of the Down Syndrome condition of the child before birth terminate the pregnancy – a kind of genetic cleansing. Even during pregnancy, several tests can be done to find out if the fetus is positive with Down Syndrome like ultrasound, amniocentesis, and serum sampling (Mealy 2000). Down Syndrome is a congenital and genetic condition that was first identified and described by Dr. John Langdon-Down in 1866. In the 1960s, French cytogeneticist Dr. Jerome Lejune illustrated that the Syndrome is essentially caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in the cells of those afflicted with the syndrome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (thus, 46 in all) which are stored in the nucleus of every human cell. Two of these chromosomes determine the sex (thus, sex chromosomes) and the rest decide other factors (autosomes). Each pair of chromosomes is a derivative from each parent (the mother and the father). In the person with the Down Syndrome, an extra chromosome is added which makes for a total of 47 instead of the usual 46 and one chromosome is not duplicated but triplicated, thus Down Syndrome is also called trisomy (from the root word tri or three) disorder. The chromosome which is triplicated in those with the genetic defect is chromosome 21 (see Fig. 1) (Lindee 2005 p. 103), with the numbering of chromosomes done in accordance with the international standard systems of nomenclature adopted during the Denver Conference in 1960. There are three kinds of Down Syndrome: Standard Trisomy

Enviromental science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enviromental science - Research Paper Example The property management company should institute a no smoking policy if they do not have one in place as tobacco smoke is a source of elevated CO. That may lead the property management company to find that the building is in good working order and the real culprit is the tenant use of tobacco. Moeller (2005) 124 2 12 - 16 Removing the mold would be the next priority. The health risks from mold, whether visible or not would be watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, itching, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, headache, and fatigue. This is problematic because of the high humidity. The property manager could not force the tenants to run the air conditioning all the time. Air conditioning is an easy way (albeit expensive) method to clean the air coming into a person’s home and lower the humidity. If the mold is causing damage to the unit however, the property management co. could hold the tenant responsible for mold damage and hold the damage deposit or charge damages or an ass essment such as with a townhouse or an apartment. Moeller (2005) 121 N/A 1 Elevated radon levels would be the final priority. Radon gas is undetectable and can go undetected for some time, which makes it no less dangerous. Radon has been shown to cause some lung cancers. Many cities now have building codes that enforce radon detection systems and the property management company would be responsible for this system. The source of elevated Radon is uranium and that would concern the residents if made aware of the information. The information could go public and that would not be good for the property management company. Moeller (2005) 124 2 12 - 16 The reason for placing these hazards in this order of removal or focus is that carbon dioxide affects the residents’ mental faculties and could cause immediate health concerns and/or death of a tenant. This is the most urgent issue. If a tenant because dizzy or weak at an inopportune time they could fall down a flight of stairs, as a n example, or fall asleep with a cigarette, etc.. The mold would be the next priority due to Moeller (2005) statements on Mold and Radon. He states that â€Å"In contrast to radon, the presence of mold can rapidly lead to unpleasant reactions, particularly among those people who have allergies and/or asthma. Since mold requires moisture to grow, it can be controlled by repairing leaks in the plumbing system, installing drainage systems to transport water away from areas near a building, replacing any portions that are water damaged, and/or using air conditioners or dehumidifiers to reduce indoor humidity† (p. 122). These mechanical repairs would be visible and would generate health benefits immediately. They would stop the excess humidity. Moeller (2005) 122 N/A 7 - 26 Housing Scenario Number: __2__ (Answer Sheet) Your Response Course Assigned Reading Source Page(s) Column (if applicable) Line(s) Potential environmental hazards are numerous and include: the homeless living on the streets, in shelters, in cars, buses, or trains. Other environmental hazards are homeless camps, and lack of toilet facilities. Donohoe (2004) 1 N/A 32 Health risks have been shown to be much higher for the homeless. TB, HIV, mental illness, and physical illnesses. Kerker et al. (2011) Shelton et al. (2009) 546 465 1 2 3 –

Habitat for Elephants Essay Example for Free

Habitat for Elephants Essay After observing the giraffe exhibit, my partner Nan Chen and I decided to make our way to observe the Janice Suber McNair Asian Elephant Habitat which was built in 2008; an exhibit, home to seven different elephants, both young and old. The exhibit is home to adult bull Thai, adult cows Methai, Shanti, and Tess, juvenile bull Tucker (Tess son), and calves Baylor (Shantis son) and Tupelo (Tess daughter). Janice Suber McNair Asian Elephant Habitat exhibit covers an enormous three acres, provides many amenities to its residents; the elephants. THE amenities include an eighty thousand gallon pool as well as a seven thousand square foot elephant barn where the elephants are given daily public baths. I think that the zoo management has done a really spectacular job in bringing some elephant cultural behavior to the zoo. According to the Houston Zoo, â€Å"Since adult males and females live apart in the wild, you’ll see the same living arrangement here at the Zoo: our females are in one yard with their calves, while our older male, Thai, and younger Tucker enjoy space to themselves†. Also the landscaping of trees, natural grasses and varied elevated terrain create a wonderful environment for the elephants and the open design and viewing areas provide an enhanced guest experience as well. We were also lucky to observe the elephants get bathed in the barn where a Houston local news anchor also happened to be there. We first observed the oldest elephant Thai get bathed and he quite enjoyed it. He was also used to the bathing procedure as he knew how to turn as well as which foot to lift to wash. During this process we got to view the elephants bathe. The zoo keepers scrubbed off the elephant with soap as well as water. All of the elephants were confined into separate caged cabins, and the elephants were getting bathed one at a time. The elephant in the first cage was bathed first, I believe his name was Thai and I believe behind him were Tess and Tupelo. Since Thai was getting all the attention, Tess behind him was getting mad and she was banging her head on to Thai ’s cage crying for attention. The one thing I noticed that the zookeepers were not doing much to calm and play with Tess. She banged her head several times which may have injured her after some times. I felt like the zoo keepers should have paid some attention to Tess especially since the public was watching and that a lot of the visitors including myself were video recording this incident. It is a proven fact that elephants can live in nearly any habitat that has adequate quantities of food and water. Their ideal habitat consists of plentiful grass. At the Houston Zoo in the elephant exhibit I did not see â€Å"plentiful grass†. The elephant’s trunk serves as a nose, hand, extra foot, signaling device and tool for gathering food, siphoning water, dusting, and digging. To tend to these characteristics of the elephant the Zoo was successful in providing dust, water and a muddy ground for digging. I think the zoo can improve on the direct interaction between the elephants and the visitors at the zoo. They can give a supervised interaction with the elephants. The visitors can maybe feed them or offer them peanut or maybe the visitors can also bath the magnificent and adorable elephants. After a lot of research I found that the best manmade elephant habitat can be found at the famous Cincinnati Zoo. Since they adjust their exhibit to cater the needs of each and every species or kind of elephants they recognize the fact that the Asian and the African elephants have lived in two different environments. The African elephants are naturally used to dry grass lands and savannahs, however the Asian and elephants are used to in the jungle, but generally on the edge where open, grassy areas are accessible. They prefer areas that combine grass, low woody plants, and forest. This is something I did not see in the Houston Zoo. I think if the exhibit is true to the natural elephant habitat the environment will be friendlier and the Elephants will not have the need to adapt as much into the zoo. I believe that an ideal habitat for the elephants should have no virtually no visible barriers between you and the animals, this habitat puts you right in the thick of things. Also the habitat should serve as an exhibit hub, offering opportunities to understand and appreciate the diverse array of Elephants’ and their complex relationships with human populations. And Last but not least there should be a visual in which the concept of loss of habitat, the main reason why several Elephant species are being extinct, should be portrayed. This will allow the visitors to reflect back on to their role in the world to preserve the endangered species. In conclusion, I believe that the Janice Suber McNair Asian Elephant Habitat at the Houston zoo does not cater to the natural needs of the elephants. Since the McNair Exhibit is tries to create a universal habitat for all the elephants that reside there. The Zoo does not take the fact that they have elephants that come from different parts of the world, and are used to different habitats as well as climates. The Houston zoo should observe the true habitat of the elephants as well as observe other exhibits and recreate the exhibit.