Friday, November 29, 2019
Rethinking Leadership In The Learning Organization Essays
Rethinking Leadership In The Learning Organization A proclamation by a CEO that we are going to become a learning organization will likely be met with collective eye rolling and wonderings of, What workshop did he attend last week? Indeed, many employees are so accustomed to these management initiatives-of-the-month that seeing any results from such a managerial decree is extremely unlikely. Another of the main barriers to creating a learning organization, Senge says, is the difference between compliance and commitment. The employees are loath to accept change that starts at the top of the managerial hierarchy. A value is a value only if voluntarily chosen. We cannot force others to learn. Since it is really the individuals that comprise a learning organization, there is no substitute for a personal desire to learn. Decisions made by managers can also have the effect of paradoxically moving an organization backwards. Downsizing can lead to increased competitiveness, which is a hindrance to productivity. Competitiveness can also undermine collaborative efforts and thereby affect a companys economic prosperity. Senge defines three leadership types that he says are essential to building a learning organization: 1. Local line leaders. These are leaders who undertake meaningful experiments to test whether new learning capabilities actually lead to improved business results. 2. Executive leaders. They provide support for line leaders, develop learning infrastructures, and lead by example in the gradual process of evolving the norms and behaviors of a learning culture. 3. Internal networkers. These are individuals who can move freely about the organization to find those who are predisposed to bringing about change, to help out in organizational experiments, and to aid in the diffusion of new learning. None of the issues prevalent in businesses today will be resolved by a hierarchical management system. To bring about change, we must explore new ideas in leadership based on new leadership principles. Senges five disciplines have interested me since the start of this course. Their applications in our educational system could be profound. The largest barrier that todays schools, adult or otherwise, face is the tacit acceptance that what is now cannot be changed. It is this mental model that we must break down before real change can be affected. By recognizing the needs of adults in a learning environment, many, if not all, of the principles of the learning organization can be applied to the hierarchical organization of the administration in our schools. The barriers discussed in this article are no different from the barriers faced by school administrators. People who are not committed to change will not buy into any new idea. Change cannot be mandated. It must come from within the organization. Education
Monday, November 25, 2019
War Crimes essays
War Crimes essays A war crime is any of various crimes, such as genocide or the mistreatment of prisoners of war, committed during a war and considered in violation of the conventions of warfare. War crimes are constantly being committed during war and something has to be done. There have been too many instances where these sorts of criminals have gotten away. Victims of war have gotten little or no justice at all, we have to come up with a solution so that there will be a way to punish these hanas crimes. To commit a war crime you have to break one of the two main principles, which are: "The principle of necessity and the principle of humanity." What the first principle means is that you can kill the enemy only when it is completely necessary. The second principle states that you should cause no unnecessary suffering to your enemy. These two principles are the two fundamental principles and have become highly detailed. The most important laws that have come out of the two main principles are that prisoners of war have rights and should never be executed or wounded after they have surrendered. That you are not allowed to take hostages, and that you can't starve non-combatants. People who are sick, wounded should be cared for. Innocent civilians property should be spared, and civilians should have nothing stolen from them. You must treat all noncombatants humanely and equally. These laws seem to be just and should be easily followed, but during times of war these laws are rarely followed. In times of war military soldiers do things that are sickening; they kill innocent people, rape women, torture people because they are of a different race or religion. These crimes are inhumane and something has to be done to make sure these crimes stop. After World War 2 you would have thought that genocide or ethnic cleansing wouldn't be happening, but it still is. The war in Kosovo has resembled the same things that the Nazi's did during WW2. ...
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Planning Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Planning Proposal - Research Paper Example UMUC University is the learning facility for non-traditional students (including militants, federal government members and working adults). As the facility is the employer for about 2 thousand people in USA, the loss of revenue caused by decline in enrolments has a negative impact on the employees who face lay-offs and already enrolled students who receive the services provided by the staff of the campus. Taking this into account, I would like to draw your attention to this problem and offer to work on the solution as soon as possible as the students currently studying it the facility feel its negative effect on themselves having problems with receiving needed services. To my thinking, the possible solution is that the campus administration should address the government with the request to create some alternative source of funding so that there is no need to lay the staff off. Probably, it would be possible to establish some additional paid courses that would attract more students. Moreover, it is crucial to enhance and widen UMUC marketing campaign to attract more students and increase the number of
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Intelligent Systems Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words
Intelligent Systems Assignment - Coursework Example The neural networks aid in the relationship of parameters of the tumor with the profile of temperature over the breast model. There is a comparison of the obtained relationship to the one obtained by an element software (Bradbury 2007). There is a possibility of determining the parameters of the cancer with a five and ten percent random noise. With ten percent noise, the estimation accuracy deteriorates for tumors which are deep-seated. INTRODUCTION Breast cancer in women is common making it an international concern. Every year about two hundred thousand new cases are reported. There is estimation that more than one million women are not aware that they have the cancer (Bradbury 2007). Infrared imaging is one of the conventional ways that were used in the detection of the cancer. Abnormal skin temperatures may be used as an indication of benign tumors and cancer. The objective of the neural networks is to develop a methodology to be used in the estimation of different parameters of t he cancerous tumor (Kings 1996). The report relate to breast cancer and the different neural networks used in the methodology estimation. Demonstration of the methodology is done by the use of a simple model, in the illustration of the details and the involved procedures. Various conditions of the cancerous tumor were used to illustrate the neural networks generality (Millburn 2000). The diagnosis of breast cancer is a significant medical problem in the real world. An important class of medical science problems involves the disease diagnosis. This is based on various performed tests upon the patient (Rockville 2008). When there is an involvement of several tests, the final diagnosis may be obtained in a difficult manner, even for experts in the medical field. This has given an increase, over a few most recent decades, to diagnostic computerized tools (Hill 2012). This are intended to help the physician in reaching a sensible conclusion out of data confusion. Much research has been d one on medical diagnosis of the cancer. A learning algorithm combines annealing logarithmic simulated with perceptron algorithm and an accuracy of almost one hundred percent is reported (Hagan 1996). Breast cancer is commonest cancer type in women. Men can also get breast cancer, but this accounts for a much lesser percentage of all diagnosed cases of breast cancer (Hill 2012). Atleast one in every eight women develops cancer once in her lifetime, that is, if they live upto the age of eighty five. More than a half of women diagnosed with breast cancer are fifty years and older. The majority of the rest are between thirty nine and forty years of age. Breast cancer can easily be treated if detected at an early stage (Hagan 1996). It can be treated successfully before it spreads out all over the body. Nine out of ten women diagnosed with cancer, live a minimum of an extra five years if their cancer is detected early enough. Once the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, it becomes difficult to completely treat it (Rockville 2008). The disease can be controlled using certain method of treatment if it has already spread to other parts of the body. Initially, breast cancer develops in the breast tissue, in the milk ducts and in the glands (Hunt 2008). This cancer type is still considered breast cancer, even if its discovery comes after
Monday, November 18, 2019
The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
The Lottery by Shirley Jackson - Essay Example The story reveals the misguided beliefs of the villagers and their specific customs. The day, in which the lottery was conducted, Mr. Summers, an old man in the village, gives guidance for the villagers. He arrives in the village square carrying a black wooden box with slips of paper in it and Mr. Graves, a young man in the town, follows Mr. Summer, carrying a three- legged stool. People keep a distance from the box and the reader can see that the villagers show their willingness as well as their hesitations towards the rituals. Amelia Tibbet observes that ââ¬Å"Basically, the story revolves around the misguided belief that if the villagers sacrifice one of their own to what readers are led to believe is a Rain God, then they will have good crops the next yearâ⬠(Tibbett). The villagers believe that if they fail to follow the tradition of the lottery, they will face some tough consequences like starvation, poverty and drought. Before the lottery is conducted, various lists had to be made, such as the heads of households, heads of eminent families, and the members of each family. The old man keeps and classifies all the details and begins the lottery. From the words of the old citizens in the town, the reader can see that there had been a ritual solute which the officials of the lottery used to practice. They had addressed each and every person who come up and draw from the box. Examining the procedures, the reader can see ââ¬Å"there had been a recital of some sort, performed by the official of the lottery, a perfunctory, tuneless chant that had been rattled off duly each yearâ⬠(Jackson). After the drawing, the winner is stoned to death by the villagers, and their activity exposes their superstition and brutality. Here, the modern reader may feel the situation as absolutely ironic because they have positive expectations
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Definition Of A Product Life Cycle Marketing Essay
Definition Of A Product Life Cycle Marketing Essay A product is anything which is capable of satisfying customers needs. Product includes both physical or tangible products (mobile,car, type writer, computer, bike) and intangible products or services (health care, banking, insurance). Definition of a Product Life Cycle define what a product life cycle is: It is the period of time over which an item is developed, brought to market and eventually removed from the market. OR The stages through which a product develops over time is called Product Life Cycle (PLC). OR The product life cycle is MARKETING CONCEPT that describes the way the revenues from the sale of a product behave over time. Stages of a Product Life Cycle The product life cycle is broken down into four phases: Introduction Growth Maturity Decline The Product Life Cycle (PLC) Curve plc, product life cycle curve For all products, the life cycle is drawn is the form of a mount shaped curve. The starting of the curve marks the introduction stage; the slope indicates growth stage; top of the curve signifies maturity; and the graph ends in the decline stage. Theory of PLC: Biological Life Cycle Versus Product Life Cycle The concept of Product Life Cycle is based on biological life cycle. For instance, when a seed is planted (introduction); it begins to pullulate (growth); it shoot out flowers and leaves (maturity); and after a defined period of time, it starts to shrink and eventually die out (decline). Human beings also pass through the same phases of introduction, growth, maturity and decline in their lives. The same theory applies to a product. When a new product is launched in the market, it starts gaining customers; then it stabilizes and becomes mature; then after some time, it is taken over by the introduction of better and superior competitors therefore, it is withdrawn or harvested from the market. Benefits of Using a Product Life Cycle for Revenue MARKETING managers consider product life cycle as an important measure of sales revenues. As you can see it from the figure, the slope of the curve denotes the sales of a particular product. The more the slope then more the sales. When a product is introduced in the market, the sales are negligible. Due to marketing promotion efforts, the demand of product starts to rise and as a result some revenue is generated. When more and more customers begin to buy the product, the revenues of the product reaches to maximum; this stage is called maturity. A product can stay in maturity for several weeks, months or years depending on the external and internal market conditions and resources. Finally, when a product better in features and functions is launched by a competitor into the market, the sales starts to decline; in some cases, companies have to disengage their products or services. Product Life Cycle Management (Marketing)/ PLCM Product life cycle management (or PLCM) is the succession of strategies used by business management as a product goes through its developmental life cycle. The conditions involving the promotion and sales of a product, involving market saturation and advertising vary over time and must be managed as it moves through the different stages of succession. What is Marketing Mix? A marketing mix is a pre-planned assortment of all those controllable elements which are involved in the planning of a products marketing. they include the following 4Ps Product (often substituted by Presentation) Price Place Promotion These four elements are adjusted until the correct combination is reached befitting the requirements of a products customers, while generating optimum income. How to Create a Product Life Cycle First Stage Introducing the Product : Brand Building For the product life cycle to begin, the product must be launched in the market. This is done after target market is identified and ensured that the need for your product or service exists. At this stage, sales will be very low because customers are not really aware about the product and its benefits. Generating Demand: Promotion, Advertising, Marketing The cost of advertising and initial distribution is very high as companies intend to create awareness of the product and target early adopters. The goal is to build market and generate demand. Stage 1 Marketing Mix Implications You need to have a fair idea of marketing mix implications for each stage. Product Products are very less in number Price Some companies keep the price to high so as to cover their costs whereas others tend to keep it low so as to attract more and more early adopters. Distribution Initially, the distribution is done selectively Promotion Creation of awareness is the only goal of the promotion Growth Watch how the product is establishing market and making profit in comparison to the competitors. Maintain the focus on the promotion efforts. Notice how slowly or rapidly the product is gaining customers and generating profits. More and more retailers will be interested in carrying your product. Remember the goal of growth phase is to increase sales and gain customer preference. Second Stage Stage 2 Marketing Mix Implications Product Improvement of the product quality. Price If the demand of the product is high, price is maintained at high level whereas; if you want to target additional customer segments, reduce the price. Distribution To intensify distribution, discounts are offered to the retailers. Promotion Improved the promotional efforts. Maturity You will observe that your product has met market saturation. Eventually, there will be a marked increase in sales and it will become a challenge for the marketing and sales team to maintain the market share as new competitors would be penetrating into the market. Increase promotional efforts and offer more discount to the retailers in order that they give your more shelf space than competitors. The goal of maturity stage is to extend product life cycle while maintaining market share. Third Stage Stage 3 Marketing Mix Implications Product Product is differentiated from those of competitors Price Maximum possible reduction in prices to be made Distribution Retain existing distributors by offering discounts as well as searching for more channels of distribution Promotion Intensive promotion efforts in order to establish brand loyality Decline Carry out amarketing analysis or a survey to find out how customers perceive the product currently. If the interest and demand is low, think of ways to take the product back to profit making position. Possible ways could be the creation of new target segment and making modifications in the product. The goal of decline stage is either to maintain the product or discontinue it. Fourth Stage Stage 4 Marketing Mix Implications Product Fewer products left in the product line. Price If the product is to be maintained, the prices are retained. In case of termination, prices are reduced to liquidate inventory. Distribution Channels are phased out gradually. Promotion Advertising expenditure reaches a minimum level Examples of Product Life Cycle (PLC) Set out below are some suggested examples of products that are currently at different stages of the product life-cycle: INTRODUCTION GROWTH MATURITY DECLINE Third generation mobile phones Portable DVD Players Personal Computers Typewriters E-conferencing Email Faxes Handwritten letters All-in-one racing skin-suits Breathable synthetic fabrics Cotton t-shirts Shell Suits iris-based personal identity cards Smart cards Credit cards Cheque books Popular Cases of Product Life Cycles Pepsi Product Life Cycle Development Coca Cola Product Life Cycle Development Kellogs Product Life Cycle Development Apple Product Life Cycle Development Nokia Product Life Cycle Development
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Medical Beneifits Of Animal Testing :: essays research papers
Argument Essay Where would we be Without Animal Testing? Is the use of animals in research justified? Should animal experimentation be permitted? Should these animals be liberated? A logical person would say the benefits justify the research. Without animal testing, products would be based on theory. No one would want to use something, which may damage eyes, be poisonous, cancerous, and cause birth defects. Animals used in testing are not from the endangered species list; also many of the types of animals used are killed each year by rat or mouse traps, animal control, exterminators, and animal shelters. Animal testing reaps great benefits such as finding effective drugs to combat disease, improve surgical procedures, and make products safe. à à à à à When someone goes to the store and buys a product, or is prescribed medication, they donââ¬â¢t have to worry if the product is safe to use nor should they. The entire human race benefits from animal research. ââ¬Å"Without animal research, medical science would come to a total standstillâ⬠(Oââ¬â¢Neil 210). It is not as if Scientist and researchers just sit in their labs all day and torture animals for fun. Not to mention animal use is being reduced as much as possible, ââ¬Å"most scientist are glad to use alternative test because they are usually faster and cheaper than test on animalsâ⬠(Yount 72). However, ââ¬Å"you cannot study kidney transplantation or diarrhea or high bloodpressure on a computer screenâ⬠(Oââ¬â¢Neil 212). Besides, ââ¬Å"Animal research has led to vaccines against diptheria, rabies, tuberculosis, polio, measles, mumps, cholera, whooping cough, and rubella. It has meant eradication of smallpox, effective treatment for diabetes and control of infection with powerful antibiotics. The cardiac pacemaker, microsurgery to reattach severed limbs, and heart, kidney, lung, liver and other transplants are all possible because of animal researchâ⬠(Oââ¬â¢Neil 210). à à à à à In short animal testing saves lives. Animal testing helps find causes, and cures of disease, genetic defects, birth defects, and abnormalities.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Emotion and Culture Paper
Emotion and Culture Paper Kerry Rogers PS2000 Intro to Psychology Professor Eva Owen March 20, 2013 Evaluating the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression. Also, evaluate how this is related to evolutionary psychology. Be sure to discuss how you would integrate this with a Christian worldview. Culture-specific or culturally universal expressions dominate the lifestyle of very culture on every nation on earth.And language is not as much of a bearer as one might think. Now lets look at the word ââ¬Å"cultureâ⬠to get a deeper understanding of the meaning. The word culture has many different meanings; let me give you some examplesâ⬠¦ For some it means, a appreciation of good food, or literature or music and yes even art. Which for some is an enquired taste. Many books have been written on the subject, so we are never for a lac of understanding. ââ¬Å"For news of the heart, ask the face. As people of differing cultures and races, do our faces speak differing languages? Which face expresses disgust? Anger? Fear? or Happiness? Sadness? Surprise? Those are just some of the question asked by very culture. From a psychological aspect researchers have found that happy people tend to have high self-esteem. People also tend to be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable. They have close friendships and more satisfying marriages. And more importantly they have a more active faith.However happiness seems not much related to other factors such as: Age, gender, parenthood and physical attractiveness. A wealth of studies has revealed another curious correlation, called the faith factor. Religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active. Health and other factors have an affect on our lifeââ¬â¢s outcome. I am not sure how culture and psychology work into a Christian worldview, but I do know that God does affect very culture and aspect of very human life that was born or will be born.Whether you belie ve that God is your creator or not does not negate from the truth. Evolution is a theory and a lie that came from human evolutionary lies that have been handed down for the past two hundred years. While Christianity, has been around since the beginning of time. You want more proof all you have to do is read the book, the book that has been reprinted and read more than any other book. Christianity is full of culture and life stories that give history like no other lifestyle known by man.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Environmental tobacco smoke determination in air Essays
Environmental tobacco smoke determination in air Essays Environmental tobacco smoke determination in air Essay Environmental tobacco smoke determination in air Essay Abstraction In this reappraisal, methodological attacks normally employed for the finding of chemical constituents in environmental baccy fume ( ETS ) are discussed. Sing its compositional diverseness and important wellness impact on world, the importance of ETS analysis is described along with the methodological analysiss normally available for fume coevals processes, trying, and preconcentration of ETS constituents. The public presentation of each experimental attack is besides evaluated in footings of basic quality confidence. To this terminal, the accent has been given to the gas chromatography ( GC ) -based sensing methods by comparing the absolute detectability every bit good as their analytical feasibleness for the most common ETS markers in practical sense. At the terminal, the restrictions and future chances in the survey of ETS are highlighted. Cardinal words: coffin nail ; fume ; vapor stage ; gas chromatography ; analytical public presentation ; trying ; preconcentration ; inspiration behaviour ; smoke machine 1. Introduction Environmental Tobacco Smoke ( ETS ) has been defined as the mixture of fume from the firing terminal of a coffin nail, pipe ( or cigar ) , and smoke exhaled by the tobacco user [ 1 ] . Consequently, the term ETS can be classified into: ( 1 ) Sidestream fume ( SS ) emitted between the whiffs of a combustion coffin nail, pipe, or cigar and ( 2 ) Mainstream fume ( MS ) exhaled by the tobacco user. About one-half of the ETS is generated in the signifier of SS during the burning of baccy merchandises and coffin nail smoke [ 2 ] . The constituents of SS fundamentally contain the same carcinogenic and toxic substances as MS that can be released and inhaled straight by the tobacco user at higher dosage. About, 4800 baccy chemicals have been identified as fume constituents [ 3 ] , while around 400 of those constituents have been capable to quantitative analysis [ 4 ] . Furthermore, at least 200 are toxic to worlds and/or experimental animate beings ; over 80 of them may belong to cognize or l ikely human carcinogens [ 4 ] . Some of these compounds are tar, C monoxide, H nitrile, phenols, ammonium hydroxide, methanal, benzine, nitrosamine, and nicotine. The exposure of ETS to non-smokers is besides referred to as inactive smoke. If exposed to ETS, nonsmokers absorb nicotine and other compounds merely as tobacco users do ; the greater the exposure to ETS, the greater the transportation of these harmful compounds proceed in the organic structure. It is estimated that tobacco users are more likely to develop lung malignant neoplastic disease by 15 times, to develop chronic lung disease by 11 times, and to endure from acute myocardial infarctions twice than non-smokers [ 5 ] . Most ETS surveies have been concentrating on the measuring of toxic pollutant degrees or on the appraisal of their exposure degree and the associated hazard with the assistance of diverse methodological attacks such as finding of ETS constituents ( MS plus SS ) , theoretical mold ( between MS and SS ) , designation of biomarkers, and personal monitoring [ 6 ] . By and large, when a individual lights a coffin nail to get down smoke, dilution of both SS and ( exhaled ) MS proceed in the ambiance with their diffusion. These fumes and their constituents are capable to farther alterations in both physical and chemical senses ( including reactions with chemical substances non generated by ETS ) . The quantitative appraisal of the concentration degrees of all harmful substances released via ETS should be considered the first measure toward the proper protection against ETS. The output and composing of a given ETS are sensitively reflected by a figure of variables such as sum of baccy burnt, the physical dimensions of coffin nail ( length, diameter, baccy blend, paper type, and filter type ) , and the types and measures of seasoning agents and additives [ 7 ] . It is besides notable that most ETS researches carried out antecedently have relied on the usage of controlled conditions and/or certain mention ( or research ) cigarettes. In contrast, the existent exposure status of ETS frequently varies in footings of smoking status ( e.g. , whiffing behaviour of an person ) and the alterations made after the emanation of fume into the ambiance ( e.g. , reaction with other chemical species ) . Furthermore, such status can besides be affected by certain variables like the length of the clip slowdown between the fume coevals and exposure ( i.e. , aged and un-aged fume ) . Most methods used for the ETS analysis have been developed based on gas chromatography ( GC ) techniques which still remain to be the best pick. The usage of GC-flame ionisation sensing ( FID ) system was the common pick for the analysis of aromatic VOCs and TVOCs in ETS [ 8-10 ] . Many writers besides relied on the N selective sensors ( such as N phosphoric sensor ( NPD ) ) for the marks including nicotine or N related compounds [ 9, 11-13 ] . Furthermore, mass spectrometer ( MS ) has been employed progressively for the sensing of selective markers ( such as nicotine, 3-ethyl pyridine ( 3-EP ) , and 2-5 dihydrofuran ) and a broad scope of volatile substances with the assistance of diverse sample intervention ( or reassign ) attacks [ 14-21 ] . Although most of old surveies were able to supply a wealth of general information sing fume composing, they have besides been confronted by different types of restrictions ( e.g. , conditions of the smoke machine, sample readying stairss, and instrumental conditions applied in the survey ) . Researchs are still underway to make full the blank pertaining to the ETS finding. The present reappraisal critically evaluates the up-to-dated cognition on the ETS with the particular accent on the finding of selective markers of ETS in air ( Table 1 ) . 2. Determination of ETS constituents 3.1 Smoke coevals and its testing There are two types of proving attacks that are typically applied to look into mainstream coffin nail fume, i.e. , output and composing measurings. Smoke output measurings fundamentally include the finding of pitch, nicotine, and C monoxide by concentrating on comparative sum of fume produced from a coffin nail under specific smoke conditions. For the probe of the ETS composing, two types of experimental attacks may be considered: ( 1 ) covering as many ETS constituents as possible or ( 2 ) focussing on the selected fume components ( e.g. , components with the possible wellness hazards ) . In order to meaningfully measure fume outputs of coffin nails, trials are conducted under unvarying and well-characterized fume coevals ( and analytical ) conditions. In this regard, there have been a figure of attempts since 1960s to set up national and international criterion methods of proving. Many types of smoking methods have been introduced by US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) , International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco ( CORESTA ) , and Tobacco Institute of Japan ( TIOJ ) [ 22-24 ] . The most common fume coevals methods aided by fume machine system include FTC and ISO 4387, which have the same standards in footings of whiff volume ( 35 cm3 ) , puff co evals frequence ( at every 60 s ) , and puff continuance ( 2 s ) . Here, coffin nails are to be smoked up to a prescribed concluding butt length without alteration of manufactured merchandises ( e.g. , no knowing blocking of perforation as is present in the coffin nail filter ) . As the sequence of these developments, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the province of Texas introduced new coffin nail testing demands in the late 1990s, [ 25-26 ] to accurately or realistically predict nicotine consumption for mean consumers. In that protocol, coffin nails are smoked with larger whiff volumes ( 45 cm3 ) than with the FTC method. Furthermore, whiffs are taken more often ( at every 30 s ) with its filter airing partly blocked ( 50 % ) . To obtain the practical information reflecting the emanations exposed to the consumer, the Canadian federal authorities has farther modified coffin nail output proving by maximising the fume roll uping conditions of the machine [ 27 ] . This method required a 55 cm3 whiff volume, whiffs coevals interval of every 30 s, and complete blocking of coffin nail filter airing [ 28 ] . The 50 or 100 % filter blowhole blocking is likely to overrate fume outputs for most tobacco users under the existent smoke conditions. This is because ab out all pitch and nicotine can be captured and analyzed under such modified conditions. In contrast, under the existent conditions, single fume components are retained more variably in relation to the single topic s inspiration, halitus form or absorption factor of single component. A recent survey demonstrated that 60-70 % of the nicotine output under the ad libitum smoke conditions was retained by tobacco users [ 29-30 ] . Sing the broad assortment of whiffing and inspiration behaviours and forms in a smoke population, it is yet unrealistic to practically imitate the human smoke status that would efficaciously reflect all the variablenesss in fume consumption forms for all fume components present, when exhaled or inhaled, because of complexness in fume composings. As discussed above, machine generated smoke outputs may supply an indicant of maximal possible fume exposure. 3.2. Smoke composing and choice of mark analytes ( markers of ETS ) In the survey of ETS, finding of the chemical composing is of premier importance. A general lineation of ETS analysis is presented in Fig 1 as flow diagram. In an attempt to cut down the complexness in the analysis of coffin nail fume, many efforts have been made to divide and place the components of ETS. If the history of ETS finding is retrospected, the first study day of the months back to Schumacher et Al. [ 31 ] in which up to 387 fume constituents ( i.e. , 19 acids, 61 lactones, 32 esters, 41 amides, 21 imides, 45 aldehydes and ketones, 46 intoxicants, 30 pyridine derived functions, 25 iminazoles, 31 lactams, 23 assorted nitgobeous heterocyclic compounds ) were identified from water-soluble part of mainstream fume. In continuance of this attempt, Newell et Al. [ 32 ] isolated and identified 173 new fume constituents ( including acids ) nowadays in the ether-soluble part of coffin nail fume condensate. 268 new fume constituents ( lipotropic bases ) were farther identified [ 33 ] . Schmeltz and Hoffmann [ 34 ] reviewed nitrogen-containing compounds in baccy and baccy fume. Thereafter, Rodgman [ 35 ] conducted a comprehensive reappraisal on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) released from coffin nail fume. Comprehensive planar gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectroscopy ( GCxGC-TOF-MS ) has been employed late for the analysis of coffin nail fume to ensue in a extremum tabular array incorporating some 30,000 extremums [ 36 ] . Complex hydrocarbons were characterized by GC-MS and GCxGC-TOF-MS in coffin nail fume condensate [ 37 ] . As a consequence, a sum of 1800 hydrocarbons were tentatively identified, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatics and isoprenoid hydrocarbons. Although there have been a figure of attempts to measure the maximal constituents of ETS, most ETS analyses normally focused on a comparatively little figure of analytes ( selective markers ) with the assistance of specific sample readying techniques. In fact, selective sensing of mark compounds helped us transport out in-depth analysis of environmentally important constituents and raised the quality of ETS research [ 36 ] . A marker for ETS survey was proposed to refer the undermentioned 4 belongingss: ( 1 ) unique ( or about alone ) in baccy fume, ( 2 ) sufficient for sensing through the common available techniques, ( 3 ) similar rates of emanation for most coffin nail trade names, and ( 4 ) a changeless ratio in ETS ( in footings of the comparative composing compared to the staying constituents for a broad scope of coffin nail trade names ) [ 38 ] . Some of the markers studied are respirable suspended peculiar affair ( RSP ) , ultraviolet particulate affair ( UVPM ) , fluorescent particulate affair ( FPM ) , soluble particulate affair ( SolPM ) , nicotine, 3-EP, and 2-5 dimethyl furan [ 19-20, 39 ] . Out of all studied ETS markers, nicotine has been explored most often, as it is non normally found in a smokeless indoor air. However, the suitableness of nicotine as a baccy marker has besides been questioned because of its sink consequence ( e.g. , decay or lessening by UV-radiation ) . 3.3 Sampling/preconcentration methods of vapor stage markers of ETS 3.3.1. Collection on solid sorbents In visible radiation of compositional diverseness in ETS, surveies conducted to day of the month hold focused on some selective markers of which analysis can continue with the proper choice of suited trying media. In Table 2, the sampling/preconcentration strategies normally applied for the aggregation of ETS samples are summarized. As these selective markers normally exist at ultra-low concentration degree, e.g. , nicotine every bit low as 1.8 à µg m-3 [ 40 ] , one needs some preconcentration/enrichment method to concentrate their concentration in the noticeable scope of common methods ( GC or GC-MS ) . For this intent, solid sorbents have been applied often as preconcentration tools to ease their quantification. The aggregation on these solid sorbents can farther be classified into two major classs based on the sample intervention attack prior to GC-based analysis: ( 1 ) sorbent that require extraction of the ETS constituents with suited dissolver ( solvent-based ) and ( 2 ) the s orbent that are thermally desorbed in a thermic desorber ( TD ) system without any extraction process ( i.e. , solvent-free method ) 3.3.1.1 Solvent- based extraction Bing recommended as a standard method for the aggregation and analysis of nicotine and other N incorporating compounds in air [ 41 ] , XAD-4 has been preferred over the other aggregation media in both research lab and field conditions which needs solvent-based extraction by ethyl ethanoate with triethyl aminoalkane buffer prior to GC-based analysis. For case, Nelson et Al. [ 9 ] were able to roll up nicotine from ETS samples generated by research coffin nails utilizing XAD-4 rosin and quantified nicotine at a concentration scope of 72 to 106 à µg m-3 by GC-NPD. Baek et Al. [ 8 ] besides used XAD-4 rosin to mensurate nicotine in the scope of 0.3 ( outdoor ) to 1.8 à µg m-3 ( indoor ) from assorted urban locations in Korea. Likewise, Phillips et Al. [ 12 ] successfully detected nicotine at a low concentration degree of 0.60-0.90 à µg m-3 from the workplace environments in U.K with the assistance of XAD-4 rosin. The storage of gaseous nicotine on XAD-4 rosin was stable for 30 yearss at 5 A ; deg ; C and for 14 yearss at ambient temperature [ 10 ] . The desorption efficiency for nicotine determined by these writers over the scope of survey varied from 90.9 % ( 0.096 à µg ) to 93.7 % ( 24.0 à µg ) . This sorbent has been used extensively to roll up environmental samples from Pubs and bars in UK wherein nicotine was present in the average scope of 57.3 to 109.4 à µg m-3 [ 39 ] . Baek and Jenkins [ 13 ] successfully extended their attempts to roll up the nicotine from environmental trial Chamberss ( fume generated by fume machine ) and later analyzed it by GC-NPD. Hengel et Al. [ 17 ] have besides analyzed nicotine by roll uping it on XAD-4 rosin and sensing through GC-MS at a concentration scope of up to 100 à µg m-3. A combined application of GC-FID ( or GC/NPD ) with XAD-4 sorbent tubing therefore has been widely applied for the aggregation, separation, designation, and quantitation of airborne nicotine. In recent old ages, many different types of attacks have besides been attested as the solvent-based method for the aggregation of nicotine. For case, Barnoya et Al. [ 42 ] used a inactive sampling attack to roll up nicotine on filter badge treated with Na bisulfate in the indoor environment ( school, university, airdrome, eating house, and saloon ) with an first-class detectabilty ( DL value of 0.0014 à µg m-3 ) . In another study made by Saito and Seto [ 18 ] , alkaline-coated soild stage cartridge ( styrene-divinylbenzene ) was besides used to roll up nicotine from ETS with the recovery of 80 % . These writers achieved its method sensing bound ( MDL ) at 0.35 à µg m-3 in a GC-MS based analysis with sampling volume of 72 litre for an air trying clip of 12 hr. Vainiotalo et Al. [ 21 ] used wood coal tubings ( SKC-226-01 ) for roll uping nicotine and 3-EP for farther extraction with pyridine/toluene solution ; they were able to observe nicotine and 3-EP with LOQ values of 0.02 and 0 .07-0.14 à µg m-3, severally. The concentrations of nicotine and 3-EP in both smoke and non-smoking countries were found at 0.12 to 103 à µg m-3 and 0.17 to 5 à µg m-3, severally. 3.3.1.2. Solvent-free technique ( Thermal-desorber ) Contrary to the solvent-based extraction, there have been a figure of applications in which sorbents are used for the aggregation of ETS without the assistance of dissolver. In this regard, the debut of machine-controlled TD technique with the combination of Tenax sorbent has been successful for the analysis of nicotine and other mark compounds. For case, Thompson et Al. [ 11 ] quantified nicotine in the concentration scope of 0.5 to 37.2 à µg m-3 through the aggregation by Tenax GC ( 35-60 ) and analysis by GC-NPD. Rothberg et Al. [ 38 ] were able to roll up nicotine on Tenax TA and quantified with a bound of quantification ( LOQ ) around 0.05 à µg m-3 with a combination of GC-MS and TD. In a survey of Vainiotalo et Al. [ 21 ] , a suite of VOCs ( methylbenzene, m, p-xylene, limonene, benzine, furfurylaldehyde, phenol, ethylbenzene, pyridine, o-xylene, 3-picoline, cinnamene, and naphthalene ) were capable to adsorbent enrichment by Tenax TA ( 60/80 ) and chrompack ( 150 mg/tube ) . These writers collected samples from indoor environment of eating houses ( smoking and non-smoking countries ) and analyzed them with the assistance of GC-MS and TD combination ; they were able to accomplish LOQ in the scope of 0.004 to 0.16 à µg m-3. Recently, Tenax GR has besides been used efficaciously in combination with Carbosieve to roll up a broad scope of ETS constituents ( nicotine, 3-EP, 2, 5-dimethyl furan, aromatics, methane seriess, olefines, terpenes, phenols, and carbonyls ) from research coffin nails for the application of GC-MS and TD system [ 20 ] ; these writers were able to accomplish DL values at sub-nanogram degree. There have been a few research attempts which attempted to quantify VOCs and other analytes in ETS that are non normally treated as ETS markers. For case, multi-sorbent traps ( Carbotrap + Carbosieve + Carbopack-X ) were used for the sorption of 30 VOCs [ 13 ] . Carbopack-X tubings were besides used to mensurate 1, 3 butadiene and isoprene from ET S with LOQ values below 0.05 à µg m-3 by a GC-MS-TD based analysis [ 21 ] . As another type of sorbent-based application, graphitized C black placed in quartz tubing was used for the aggregation of nicotine from environmental chamber [ 43 ] . Microwave thermic desorption-capillary GC was so employed for its finding ( in both gas and paticulate stage ) in SS samples from that chamber. These writers pointed that several factors such as temperature stableness, high pureness, heat soaking up features of the sorbent, and the permeableness of the vitreous silica tubes to microwaves played cardinal functions in the thermic desorption with the assistance of microwaves after active sampling. Baltussen et Al. [ 44 ] utilized a cartridge packed with 100 % polydimethylsiloxane ( PDMS ) particles for the sorptive enrichment of nicotine from gaseous samples and quantification with a combination of a TD and GC-NPD. These writers evaluated the sorption efficiency of four sorbent stuffs ( Carbotrap 300, Carbotrap 302, Tenax TA, and Chromosorb 101 ) against PDMS by spiking the air samples with nicotine at two concentrations, i.e. , 100 and 2 à µg m-3 and ciphering the recoveries for 6 L of air samples. The consequences showed a complete loss of nicotine on C based Carbotrap stages, whereas others showed significantly hapless recoveries compared to PDMS. For case, Tenax TA showed a recovery in the scope of 52 % ( at 2 at 100 à µg m-3 ) to 73 % ( at 100 à µg m-3 ) , while Chromosorb 101 showed a recovery in the scope of 7 % ( at 2 at 100 à µg m-3 ) to 61 % ( at 100 à µg m-3 ) . Conversely, PDMS demonstrated reasonably good recoveries of 98 and 105 % at 100 and 2 à µg m-3 conc entrations, severally. In drumhead, if the aforesaid surveies are compared with each other, there exist a figure of picks for solid sorbents for sampling of ETS. However, there is deficiency of sufficient informations refering to the basic standards such as discovery volume, desorption efficiency, and storage ability to decently measure the effectivity of sorbent methods, if one wants to cover with the high terminal of burning beginning like ETS in footings of the dependability or duplicability. For this ground, we need to foster develop trying methodological analysiss and to measure the aforesaid standards of normally available sorbents with regard to ETS. In recent old ages, Peltier chilling ( Personal computer ) -based cryogenic preconcentration has often been employed in concurrence with TD for the analysis of environmental samples [ 45 ] . Because the PC-TD-based method has barely been applied to ETS, it should be worthwhile to research the feasibleness of such technique for ETS research in assorted r espects. 3.3.2. Solid stage microextraction ( SPME ) In recent old ages, the solid-phase microextraction ( SPME ) method has received attending as a possible sample readying technique for hint gas constituents under solvent-free conditions. The convenience of SPME has been realized both in the research lab and for on-site monitoring, as it allows a individual measure intervention for trying, isolation, and enrichment [ 46 ] . For air matrices, the SPME fibre can be used to pull out analytes either by direct exposure to raw samples or by usage of the headspace method on pretreated samples [ 47-48 ] . Due to aforementioned belongingss, SPME has been widely applied to the sampling and analysis of environmental, nutrient, olfactory property, forensic, and pharmaceutical samples [ 49 ] . In the field of baccy research, the utility of SPME has been recognized in the analysis of assorted coffin nail additives [ 50-51 ] , phenolic compounds in coffin nail fume condensate [ 52 ] , volatile constituents in baccy [ 53 ] , assorted alkaloids nowadays in baccy [ 54 ] , free-base nicotine associated with the particulate fraction of MS [ 55 ] , and ethanoates in coffin nail baccy [ 56 ] . As listed above, there exist a figure of studies that employed SPME for the analysis of baccy constituents instead than ETS. As such, the application of SPME has barely been made towards the finding of gaseous ETS constituents. As one specific illustration, Huali et Al. [ 15 ] evaluated two types of trying methods for gaseous nicotine on 100 à µm PDMS fibre. The first 1 was a low volume active sampling method for nicotine, while the 2nd one entirely relied on molecular diffusion with inactive sampling. Both methods were able to pull out nicotine at low concentration degrees of 0.12 to 0.22 à µg m-3. In a recent study, Pieraccini et Al. [ 21 ] attempted to develop SPME-based quantification method for fume components. These writers evaluated 3 type of fibres, i.e. , 100 à µm PDMS, 85 à µm polyacrylate ( PA ) , and 65 à µm polydimethylsiloxane/ divinylbenzene ( PDMS/DVB ) ) . The optimisation of the extraction process was attained by taking into consideration of fiber polymer type and exposure temperature and continuance. These writers highlighted that a reasonably polar fibre ( PDMS/DVB ) was the most efficient for trying fume components with a medium temperature ( 40oC ) and a low extraction clip ( 1 min ) which finally led to the successful sensing and quantification of 67 fume constituents ( nicotine with VOCs ) . In continuance of this attempt, Ye et Al. [ 57 ] reported that SPME can be appropriately used for trying and analysis of VOCs from baccy fume. These writers besides investigated the optimal conditions for SPME application ( fiber type, exposure continuance, desorption temperature, etc. ) and found 30 à µm divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane ( DVB-CAR-PDMS ) as the best pick ( among four different polymer coatings, i.e. , 65à µm PDMS-DVB, 65 à µm carbowax-divinylbenzene ( CW-DVB ) , 30 à µm DVB-CAR-PDMS, 85 à µm polyacrylate ( PA ) ) with exposure continuance of 3 min and a desorption temperature of 250oC. These writers were able to quantify 70 VOCs from mainstream fume collected by a home-made smoke machine and analysis through a combination of SPME and GC-MS. It is good known that the analysis with SPME method can be sensitively affected by diverse equilibrium commanding factors, i.e. , initial concentration of analyte, stage types, fiber surfacing volume, distribution coefficient, their liposolubilty ( octanol-water divider coefficient or log Kow ) , and molecular volume [ 58-59 ] . Because SPME can endure from a job of the fibre impregnation in ETS analysis, it can finally give erroneous consequences for the constituents with really high concentration ( e.g. , nicotine ) [ 21 ] . Hence, a proper rating of SPME technique is further desirable for the analysis of complex mixture like ETS in footings of fibre type choices and suited sampling conditions. The optimisation of SPME conditions has the possible to drive ETS research to new skyline, sing its broad scope of pertinence, low cost, and easiness of operation. 3.4. Sampling of particulate stage ETS markers As a important measure of ETS constituents can be accumulated into atom stage, many research workers have besides studied ETS markers in particulate stage such as RSP, UVPM, FPM, and SolPM along with their gaseous opposite numbers. For the aggregation of these particulate stage markers, fluoropore membrane filter has been utilized extensively [ 8-9, 12-13, 39 ] . The aggregation process for such constituents by and large consists of go throughing big volume of air through an impactor and the filter by agencies of a vacuity pump. The finding of RSP is accomplished by merely ciphering the mass difference of the sampled and pre-weighted filter. On the other manus, finding of UVPM, FPM, and SolPM can continue with extraction of those filters with dissolver ( e.g. , methyl alcohol ) to measure each fraction with a combination of different sensors ( e.g. , UV for UVPM and Fluorescence sensors for FPM ) or columns through high public presentation liquid chromatography ( e.g. , usage of the modified column for SolPM ) . The usage of these filters has been successful both in research lab and field conditions. For case, Nelson et Al. [ 9 ] were able to mensurate the concentrations of RSP, UVPM, and FPM in the concentration ranges of 1285-1661, 156-205, and 30-38 à µg m-3, severally, from the fume of 11 different coffin nail trade names collected in laboratory conditions. In another study made by Baek et Al. [ 8 ] , these particulate stage constituents ( i.e. , RSP, UVPM, FPM, and SolPM ) were collected on fluoropore membrane filter and determined in the concentration ranges of 80-100, 9.5-19.5, 4.2-9.3, and 1.5-7.0 à µg m-3, severally. These writers used a significantly big volume of air ( i.e. , 2477 L ) to accomplish LOQ values of 25 ( RSP ) , 0.50 ( UVPM ) , 0.11 ( FPM ) , and 0.25 à µg m-3 ( SolPM ) . 4. Evaluation of sensing methods for ETS constituents 4.1. GC-based sensing for vapor stage constituents The finding of ETS has been achieved most normally through GC interfaced with one of several selectable sensing systems such as GC-FID for the analysis of aromatic VOCs and TVOCs [ 9-10 ] , nitrogen selective sensors ( such as NPD ) for the nicotine or N related compounds [ 9,11-13 ] , and MS for both selective markers ( such as nicotine, 3-EP, and 2-5 dihydrofuran ) and a broad scope of volatile substances [ 14-21 ] ( Table 3 ) . In order to compare the comparative public presentation of different sensing methods, the basic quality confidence parametric quantities such as sensing bound ( DL ) values and preciseness ( expressed in footings of comparative criterion divergence ( RSD ) from replicate analysis ) achieved in old surveies have been compiled in Table 4. The DL values of different surveies are summarized for single ETS constituents, as it can change between compounds against different methods. The DL values are expressed both in footings of absolute detectabilty ( ng ) and concentration ( à µg m-3 ) . However, it was non possible to show all the DL values in both footings due to the deficiency of sampling/analysis information. As shown in Table 4, the DL values for a given ETS constituent were found in a variable scope depending on the experimental attacks. Comparison of the DL values in footings of absolute mass ( ng ) indicates that MS has a relatively superior public presentation than the other methods like N selective sensors ( e.g. , NPD ) . For case, Charles et Al. [ 19 ] were able to accomplish the DL values of the nicotine by the MS method at two orders of the magnitude lower ( 0.16-1.09 nanogram ) than those of NPD ( 13.0 nanogram ) reported by Pendergrass et Al. [ 10 ] ; note that both surveies used thermic desorption as a sample transportation method. Likewise, if the DL values of nicotine are derived based on dissolver based extraction method ( i.e. , acetone/ethyl acetate/methanol based extraction ) , MS and NPD have significantly big differences: the former ( 0.005 nanogram: [ 17 ] ) showed DL values relatively superior to the later ( 100 nanogram: [ 12 ] ) ( Table 4 ) . The absolute detectab ilty of FID was besides significantly larger than those of MS [ 61 ] ; the absolute DL of nicotine was about 100 nanograms, when collected on Cambridge filter phonograph record, extracted with quintessence and Na hydrated oxide, and analyzed with a megabore capillary GC-FID. The look of DL values in footings of concentration ( à µg m-3 ) offers a comparing for detectability in a practical sense. In contrast to those expressed in absolute footings, DL values in à µg m-3 fell in slightly comparable scope between MS and NPD in many surveies. For case, if the detectabilty of two surveies, i.e. , NPD [ 12 ] vs. MS [ 17 ] is compared for nicotine, they were seen in a reasonably comparable scope ( below 0.09 à µg m-3 degree ) . The compensation attained by NPD was due to the aggregation of of big sample volume ( 1152 L ) relative to MS ( 15- 120 L ) ( Table 4 ) . As another nitrogen-bearing marker for ETS, 3-EP has besides been targeted in assorted surveies. Its DL values varied between 0.16 [ 19 ] to 10 nanograms [ 60 ] , when compared in absolute footings across different surveies made with GC-MS combined with TD. In add-on, legion surveies have shown the existent sensing of 3-EP at sub-à µg m-3 degree in existent samples ( below 0.27 à µg m-3 ) either with NPD or MS-based sensing [ 12, 21, 39 ] . In drumhead, if one compares straight the detectabilty of MS and NPD in the analysis of nitrogen-bearing ETS markers, the former is well superior in absolute footings which can be improved further in practical sense with the aggregation of big sampling volume and by the employment of preconcentration tools like SPME. Apart from these Ns selective markers, many writers have besides evaluated a figure of VOCs released via baccy fume based chiefly on GC-MS method. The usage of GC-MS, if combined with TD, was able to give the DL values in sub-ng scope for a figure of VOCs, i.e. , 0.04 to 0.11 nanograms ( aromatic VOCs ) , 0.04-0.29 nanogram ( methane seriess ) , 0.20-0.60 nanogram ( olefines ) , and 0.08 nanogram ( terpenes ) [ 19 ] . Similarly, Vainiotalo et Al. [ 21 ] were able to accomplish the DL values at somewhat higher degree, i.e. , 0.13-4.7 nanogram ( aromatics ) and 0.3 and 0.8 nanogram for 1-3 butadiene and isoprene, severally, by GC-MS coupled with TD ( Table 4 ) . On the other manus, if these DL values are compared in concentration ( à µg m-3 ) , a important betterment was seen by Vainiotalo et Al. [ 21 ] . These writers obtained their DL values in 0.004-
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned
Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned This article is a kind of sample argumentative essay on the topic Smoking in Public Places Should be Banned Ban the Smoking: Itââ¬â¢s Bad for Everyone Second-Hand Smoking Now that America is no longer dependent on tobacco production as a means to sustain its economy, the industry and culture surrounding it should be heavily controlled. Now that fewer people are smoking cigarettes, because of the well-documented health concerns related to its use, more cities and districts are cracking down on smoking in public places ââ¬â and rightfully so. Smoking in public places should not only be banned, it should come with heavy penalties, such as outlandish fines, criminal charges and, if possible, public beatings. Due to the health problems associated with smoking cigarettes, due to smoking being a fire hazard and offensive to non-smokers, smoking in public places should never go under the radar. It should be banned on a national scale. Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes in public places should be banned because itââ¬â¢s offensive to the non-smokers who have to endure the smoke, the butts, the mess and the smell. Consider the typical public place ââ¬â a market door entrance, a park bench, an elevator. People come to these places for peace and quiet, for necessity, to get to work, so they should not be required to breathe another personââ¬â¢s poisonous tobacco fumes. Everyone knows that second-hand smoke is just as, if not more, dangerous than directly inhaling the smoke. Why should a health-conscious, everyday person have to be penalized for anotherââ¬â¢s bad decision? It just isnââ¬â¢t right ââ¬â so smoking in public places should be banned altogether. Itââ¬â¢s also disgusting to smell cigarette smoke ââ¬â even worse when itââ¬â¢s on your clothes. The American government has yet to criminalize the use of all tobacco products, mostly because of billion-dollar companies like Phillip Mor ris, out of Richmond, Virginia, pays millions of dollars in taxes annually. But cigarettes are killing everyday Americans, costing them too much in the long run. They should certainly be banned everywhere, not just in public places. More articles to read:à Junk Food in Schoolà |à Why Are You Not in Class and out There Bleeding? Smoking Is Not Fashionable Anymore! Letââ¬â¢s ban smoking in public places because it gives young, impressionable adolescents the wrong idea. They see it and think itââ¬â¢s a normal, healthy, cool adult thing to do ââ¬â something they perhaps feel theyââ¬â¢re supposed to do it as adults, maybe even as teens. This is bad because they do not possess the foresight and self-preservation experience to avoid doing things that could one day kill them. By banning smoking in public places, fewer people will be seen smoking and, subsequently, outcast from society. It will be the thing that those people do; they will have to hide it. This is good because this mentality will condition smokers to perhaps give up smoking, a good deterrent for sure because the same social and peer pressure that may have encouraged them to begin smoking has gone the other way. Banning smoking in public places is a wonderful idea and should be taken up by every single jurisdiction, municipality, city, hole-in-the-wall town and county in th e country. In addition to smoking raising health concerns, banning public smoking altogether, including indoors, would surely cut down on fires ââ¬â both in buildings and possibly in nature, as well. Just picture a waiter with five minutes for a smoke standing just outside a restaurantââ¬â¢s kitchen in a rush to fill their nicotine cravings. The headwaiter calls their name and they flick the cancer stick away ââ¬â itââ¬â¢s not their problem, right? But itââ¬â¢s windy that night and the cigarette rolls into the nearby trash. And, bam ââ¬â a fire has begun. People could die. How about banning smoking anywhere a fire could start, any place that could endanger others? This would cut down immensely on building fires. Innocent people wouldnââ¬â¢t have to die in fires, and their beloved possessions would not be destroyed. Banning public smoking benefits everyone, including the smoker. Letââ¬â¢s conclude this argument by going a step further. If we can already see how banning public smoking would benefit our citizens ââ¬â protecting their health, peace of mind, homes and possessions ââ¬â why stop there? Letââ¬â¢s ban smoking tobacco products altogether! Letââ¬â¢s rid our wonderful society of this evil poison, this killer of people, this addictive substance with no health value whatsoever. Letââ¬â¢s make cigarettes so expensive to buy that few can afford them, and so hard to find that they may as well be sold on the black market. This should apply to those vaporized smoking apparatuses, too. They are said to be a healthier alternative to smoking filter tobacco products, but they are just offensive to be around. Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Smoking in Public Places should be Banned Introduction For thà µ past 25 yà µars, thà µ à µstablishmà µnt of strong laws prà µvà µnting smoking in public placà µs has bà µÃ µn a primary goal of thà µ tobacco control movà µmà µnt. From a là µgislativà µ pà µrspà µctivà µ, thà µ issuà µ has bà µÃ µn how to movà µ broad public support for clà µan indoor air laws into policià µs that protà µct thà µ public from thà µ harms of à µnvironmà µntal tobacco smokà µ (Ãâ¢TS, also known as passivà µ or sà µcondhand smokà µ) without rà µstricting individual rights to smokà µ. Ãâ¢và µn today, whà µn smoking in public placà µs is highly rà µgulatà µd in most statà µs, thà µ dà µbatà µ ovà µr thà µ là µvà µl of that rà µgulation is around. That thà µ statà µ has thà µ right to rà µgulatà µ smoking to sà µcurà µ thà µ public's hà µalth is bà µyond quà µstion. Thà µ dà µbatà µ is about whà µn, how, and undà µr what circumstancà µs thà µ statà µ should à µxà µrcisà µ that powà µr ( Là µvy and Marimont 25).This papà µr arguà µs that smoking should bà µ bannà µd in thà µ public placà µs, illustrating that sà µcond-hand smoking sà µriously harms pà µoplà µ, showing that smoking prà µsà µnts a sà µrous risk to adolà µscà µnt and tà µÃ µnagà µrs, and pointing out that smoking is an addiction rathà µr than a simplà µ habit. In this papà µr, two opposing vià µws about smoking in thà µ public placà µs arà µ prà µsà µntà µd. Wà µ bà µgin with thà µ argumà µnts supporting thà µ smoking in public placà µs. Thà µn, clà µar-cut rà µasoning why thà µ smoking in public should bà µ bannà µd is givà µn; illustrating that smoking is indà µÃ µd a và µry sà µrious problà µm that should bà µ adà µquatà µly addrà µssà µd at thà µ statà µ and fà µdà µral là µvà µls. Argumà µnts supporting smoking in public placà µs Although a numbà µr of individuals support thà µ ban on smoking in public placà µs, thà µrà µ arà µ many protà µstà µrs who arguà µ that smokà µrs should rà µtain thà µir rights to smokà µ in such placà µs as bars, rà µstaurants, and airports. Thà µ cà µntral rà µasoning of opponà µnts to rà µgulation prohibiting smoking arà µ that this habit is an individual choicà µ and that frà µÃ µ markà µt conditions should dà µtà µrminà µ whà µrà µ pà µoplà µ smokà µ, not thà µ govà µrnmà µnt (Martin A1). To bà µ concisà µ, thà µrà µ arà µ a numbà µr of commonly accà µptà µd argumà µnts in favor of smoking in public placà µs, which arà µ outlinà µd bà µlow. Rà µliancà µ on thà µ Markà µt: In gà µnà µral, opponà µnts bà µlià µvà µ that thà µ markà µt should dà µtà µrminà µ thà µ propà µr rolà µ of smoking in socià µty. In particular, thà µrà µ is thà µ problà µm of whosà µ rights arà µ allowà µd to dictatà µ what is rulà µd. This is thà µ traditional public hà µalth dilà µmma of whà µthà µr thà µ individual's right to smokà µ and takà µ rà µsponsibility for his or hà µr own hà µalth is outwà µighà µd by thà µ public's right to clà µan air. Similarly, thà µrà µ is thà µ philosophical quà µstion of how far thà µ govà µrnmà µnt, at any là µvà µl, should bà µ allowà µd to limit individual frà µÃ µdoms for thà µ sakà µ of public hà µalth (Mannino à µt al., 297-298). Pà µrsonal Choicà µ: Opponà µnts of smoking ban havà µ arguà µd that smoking is a mattà µr of pà µrsonal choicà µ for adults that should not bà µ subjà µct to govà µrnmà µntal rulà µ (Sullum 170). Thà µsà µ commà µntators activà µly opposà µ smoking rà µgulations as unjustifià µd govà µrnmà µntal rulà µ. Supportà µrs of thà µ tobacco industry also arguà µ that smokà µrs rà µtain havà µ rights to choosà µ to usà µ tobacco products. In rà µcà µnt yà µars, thà µ opponà µnts of tobacco rà µgulation havà µ accusà µd thà µ tobacco control movà µmà µnt of bà µing unjust. To thà µsà µ critics, smokà µrs arà µ unfairly trà µatà µd (Sullum 175): By stà µpping in and imposing thà µ samà µ smoking policy on à µvà µryonà µ, thà µ govà µrnmà µnt dà µstroys divà µrsitythà µ potà µntial to satisfy a widà µ varià µty of tastà µs and prà µfà µrà µncà µs, not just thà µ majority's (Sullum 179). What is morà µ, Sullum is arguing that a policy à µnvironmà µnt allowing for a divà µrsity of markà µt standards rà µgarding accà µptablà µ smoking bà µhavior is prà µfà µrablà µ to a standard antismoking policy (180). At thà µ samà µ timà µ, thà µ public is gà µtting incrà µasingly concà µrnà µd ovà µr thà µ à µffà µcts of sà µcond-hand smoking and thà µ hà µalth risks it carrià µs. Advocatà µs of thà µ ban on smoking in public placà µs prà µsà µnt a numbà µr of clà µar-cur rà µasons why pà µoplà µ should b protà µctà µd from this harmful habit. Rà µgulating smoking in public placà µs In rà µcà µnt yà µars, thà µ primary argumà µnt justifying rà µgulation of tobacco products has bà µÃ µn thà µ hà µalth costs and risks associatà µd with tobacco usà µ. Antismoking advocatà µs havà µ succà µssfully prà µsà µntà µd à µvidà µncà µ that sà µcond-hand smoking causà µs sà µrious hà µalth damagà µs to third partià µs to justify govà µrnmà µntal intà µrvà µntion. Thà µ justification favoring smoking ban in public placà µs is positionà µd on a combination of scià µntific, moral, and public policy grounds. Advocatà µs claim that thà µ clà µar social and hà µalth gains from clà µan indoor air rà µstrictions far outwà µigh thà µ intà µrruption with individual frà µÃ µdom to smokà µ (Sullum 90). Scià µntific Argumà µnts: Thà µ most popular scià µntific dà µbatà µ on smoking concà µrns thà µ à µffà µcts of sà µcond-hand smoking. In thà µ à µarly 1990s, thà µ nation's là µading scià µntific rà µsà µarch organizations rà µlà µasà µd statà µmà µnts à µmphasizing thà µ nà µÃ µd to rà µducà µ thà µ public's à µxposurà µ to sà µcond-hand smoking. In 1991, thà µ CDC's National Institutà µ for Occupational Safà µty and Hà µalth (NIOSH) issuà µd a bullà µtin rà µcommà µnding that sà µcond-hand smokà µ bà µ rà µducà µd to thà µ lowà µst possiblà µ concà µntration in thà µ workplacà µ (Là µvy and Marimont 26). Rà µvià µws of thà µ scià µntific data rà µlating to thà µ dangà µrs of sà µcondhand smokà µ by thà µ National Acadà µmy of Scià µncà µs, thà µ U.S. Public Hà µalth Sà µrvicà µ, thà µ Ãâ¢PA, NIOSH, and thà µ Amà µrican Hà µart Association all sà µparatà µly concludà µd that à µxposurà µ to Ãâ¢TS at thà µ là µvà µls that oftà µn occur in U.S. homà µs and worksità µs is associatà µd with lung cancà µr, cardiovascular disà µasà µ, strokà µ, and othà µr illnà µssà µs in nonsmokà µrs (Là µvy and Marimont 26). Concà µptual Argumà µnts: In addition to thà µ scià µntific argumà µnts, advocatà µs also offà µr concà µptual justifications for banning smoking in public placà µs. For instancà µ, Arno, Brandt, Gostin, and Morgan offà µr thrà µÃ µ justifications for rà µgulating tobacco: risk to public hà µalth or safà µty, risk assumà µd by childrà µn and adolà µscà µnts, and risk assumà µd by consà µnting adults (258-260). Conclusion Banning smoking in public placà µs prà µsà µnts thà µ traditional public hà µalth dilà µmma of whà µthà µr thà µ individual's rights to smokà µ and takà µ rà µsponsibility for his or hà µr own hà µalth arà µ outwà µighà µd by thà µ public's right to clà µan air in public placà µs. Similarly, thà µrà µ is thà µ philosophical quà µstion rà µgarding thà µ à µxtà µnt to which thà µ govà µrnmà µnt should bà µ allowà µd to rulà µ in thà µ namà µ of public hà µalth whilà µ limiting individual frà µÃ µdom to smokà µ. Ãâ¢và µn though thà µrà µ arà µ many opponà µnts of smoking ban, it is clà µar that govà µrnmà µnt should act to discouragà µ smoking in public placà µs to protà µct nonsmokà µrs from bà µing à µxposà µd to dangà µrs associatà µd with smoking. It is clà µar that govà µrnmà µnt should not ignorà µ smoking and should usà µ its powà µrs to makà µ smoking in public as difficult as possiblà µ. Finally, rà µcà µnt studià µs continuà µ to dà µmonstratà µ thà µ hà µalth problà µms associatà µd with sà µcond-hand smoking. Finally, bà µcausà µ smokà µrs arà µ not bà µing askà µd or rà µquirà µd to givà µ up smoking, thà µ minor intà µrfà µrà µncà µ on whà µrà µ thà µy can smokà µ is far outwà µighà µd by thà µ harm to third pà µrsons from allowing smoking in public placà µs.
Monday, November 4, 2019
Technology and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Technology and change - Essay Example Cell phones, especially GPS phones raise lots of concerns over the privacy issues. Consumers are often not aware that their movements are monitored. Their secrecy and private life will be in jeopardy while they are using such GPS mobile phones. Women and girls can be traced and their private life can be exploited by intruders. Blackmailing and robbery can be accomplished using the GPS. Security is another concern. ââ¬Å"Government officials and communications experts are assessing the public safety and security implications of a newly posted online article that provides directions for making cheap devices that can jam Global Positioning System (GPS) signals. The Phrack article provides a detailed guide to building a low-cost, portable GPS jammer out of components that can be easily obtained from electronics supply houses. (Bob Brewin) As per this article, an average person with slight knowledge in electronics can make GPS jammers without much effort. In the modern world of highest terrorist activities, GPS can act as a blessing and a curse at the same time. ââ¬Å"Global Positioning Systems (GPS) reveal a persons location. This type of location data helps police with their investigations, such as tracking down a criminal or even someone who is lost or missing. They can act as a safety device to protecting your family and loved ones. Location technology also helps locate stolen cars.â⬠(Brad Seabourneà ). For example, suppose a person with a GPS phone is being kidnapped. The police can identify the location of the person who is being kidnapped with the help of the GPS system easily. GPS can provide valuable information to the drivers such as total miles driven, speeds that it was driven, travelled routes and current location. The driver can now find their exact location and get directions, and more over they can have it delivered by voice with the help of
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Professional 2 part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Professional 2 part 1 - Essay Example In Australia, there is an estimated number of 24, 891 children suffering from Down Syndrome based on extrapolated statistics (Statistics by Country for Down Syndrome 2008). In Victoria, the incidence of this abnormality is 1 in every 481 births (Birth Defects ââ¬â Trisomy Disorder 2007). It was reported that statistics would show that expectant Australian mothers who were apprised beforehand of the Down Syndrome condition of the child before birth terminate the pregnancy ââ¬â a kind of genetic cleansing. Even during pregnancy, several tests can be done to find out if the fetus is positive with Down Syndrome like ultrasound, amniocentesis, and serum sampling (Mealy 2000). Down Syndrome is a congenital and genetic condition that was first identified and described by Dr. John Langdon-Down in 1866. In the 1960s, French cytogeneticist Dr. Jerome Lejune illustrated that the Syndrome is essentially caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in the cells of those afflicted with the syndrome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (thus, 46 in all) which are stored in the nucleus of every human cell. Two of these chromosomes determine the sex (thus, sex chromosomes) and the rest decide other factors (autosomes). Each pair of chromosomes is a derivative from each parent (the mother and the father). In the person with the Down Syndrome, an extra chromosome is added which makes for a total of 47 instead of the usual 46 and one chromosome is not duplicated but triplicated, thus Down Syndrome is also called trisomy (from the root word tri or three) disorder. The chromosome which is triplicated in those with the genetic defect is chromosome 21 (see Fig. 1) (Lindee 2005 p. 103), with the numbering of chromosomes done in accordance with the international standard systems of nomenclature adopted during the Denver Conference in 1960. There are three kinds of Down Syndrome: Standard Trisomy
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